38. ICANAS
(Uluslararası Asya ve Kuzey Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi)
(International Congress of Asian and North African Studies)
(Международный конгресс по изучению Азии и Северной Африки)
10-15.09.2007 ANKARA / TÜRKİYE
ANKARA-2008
ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR, DİL VE TARİH YÜKSEK KURUMU YAYINLARI: 5/3
5846 Sayılı Kanuna göre bu eserin bütün yayın, tercüme ve iktibas hakları
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SANAL MİZAH
ÖZDEMİR, Nebi.......................................................................................................................... 1277
MOHAMMADZADEH, Behbood
KUZEY KIBRIS/NORTH CYPRUS/СЕВЕРНЫЙ КИПР
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the cultural and social implications which exist in
The God of Small Things written by Indian postcolonial writer Arundhati
Roy. The study analyzes Roy’s work according to the postcolonial theory and
gives importance to the premises of main theorist in this field. Postcolonial
literary texts like Roy’s are rewritings of colonial and postcolonial
images. Roy’s protagonists Rahel and Estha grow up in a village in Kerala
influenced with Elvis Presley, Broadway musicals, peppermint candies,
Love-in-Tokyo hair bands, Rhodes scholarships, Chinese Marxism, and
Syrian Christianity. Most of these cultural images are foreign, yet all of
these are their own. Thus, while in one sense these children, as Roy’s hybrid
characters, are Malayalam, in another sense they are not. This turmoil of
identification forms the basis of the plot, the children aren’t certain who or
what they are.
Key Words: Postcolonial Literature, cultural and social implications,
colonial and postcolonial images, hybrid identities.
-----
The history of colonialism began in the 15th century with the age of
discovery, led by Spanish and Portuguese explorations of Americas and
other continents, but, in the eighteens century Europe, the advent of the
Industrial Revolution led to great changes in the industrial transformation
of economies and an enormous development in the traditional trade.
European countries in order to provide themselves with raw materials
and markets for their goods colonized many non-European countries.
Europeans on behalf of colonialism making their way to non-European
countries came in contact with the non-European landscape and nation.
Identifying with Eurocentrism let them to observe themselves as superior
and the colonized and their land as inferior and uncivilized. Consequently,
1024
they tried to transform the colonized landscape into the civilized countries
similar to home country. In spite of this fact that European regarded
themselves superior to the non-European countries in all aspects, and aimed
at turning this inferior land into civilized one, the deep understanding and
close interaction always resulted in a deep fear for the colonizers.
The colonizers preoccupied by the possibility of being contaminated
on account of deep interaction with these uncivilized people were always
afraid of this interaction, thereby leaving behind their purity and superiority
over the colonized, as a result, the colonizer always regarded the interaction
with the colonized as a threat and they camouflaged their fear every time.
The deep interaction between the colonizer and the colonized despite
being a menace to the colonizer had another impact on the colonized which
resulted in losing self respect and devaluing image of themselves among
this people. Thus, the oppressed people, uprooted from their own selves,
struggled to become a member of another culture.
During the colonial period written text favored the Europeans and
their superiority over the non-Europeans. It was the system of power that
determines the representations. Terry Goldie maintains that “the indigene is
a semiotic pawn on a chess board under the control of the white signmaker”
(Goldie 1995: 232). Thus, in oriental discourse the Europeans were
portrayed as “masculine”, “democrat”, “rational”, “moral”, “dynamic”, and
“progressive”. Otherwise, since the writing was under the direct control of
the Europeans the non-Europeans were described as “voiceless”, “sensual”,
“female”, “despotic”, “irrational”, and “backward”. Colonial discourse
never depicted the anxiety and the suffering of the colonial stemmed from
the underestimated image of themselves. Throughout the colonial period
and the aftermath, the west had cultural and economic hegemony over the
non-Europeans through orientalists discourse. According to Bill Ashcroft
the colonizers who believed themselves as “a high level of civilization”,
fabricated the colonized lands in colonial discourse as “civilizations in
decay, as manifestations of degenerate societies and races in need of rescue
and rehabilitations by a civilized Europe” (Ashcraft, 1998: 158). Upon
settling down, therefore, the colonizers desired to bring the best of their
country to the colonized territory, and to change this native country to a
civilized one. Colonial discourse fabricating the native cultures as both
primitive and degenerate was because fearing of contamination amongst
the colonizers. Bill Ashcraft highlights that “expressed through a fear
amongst the colonizers of going native, namely losing their distinctiveness
1025
two children Ammu and Chacko. Ammu their daughter several years after
their arrival experience an unhappy marriage with a Hindu man, which
end in divorce. Ammu after divorce comes back to her parental house with
her twin, Estha and Rahel. Ammu and her twin begin to live in Ayemenem
with Mammachi, Chacko, and their aunt, Aunt Baby. Chacko Pappachi,
family’s son is sent to Oxford to continue his education, where he meets
his future English wife Margaret but their marriage ends in divorce in the
same year, then, Chacko leaving Margaret and his daughter Sophie Mol, in
England, comes back to Ayemenem to his father’s home.
Roy’s story revolves around the events surrounding the visit made by
Sophie Mol Chacko’s daughter and his ex-wife Margaret and the drowning
of Sophie two weeks after their arrival, leaving behind a disintegrated
family. The family’s suffering from Sophie Mole’s drowning become great
when Ammu the daughter of the family experience a love affair with Velutha
the families carpenter, a man from the “untouchable” or Paravan caste.
Ammu’s love affair with a member of an untouchable caste is considered
a forbidden love according to the caste system in India, which divides
people into classes and makes the lower class people “untouchable”.
Risking to interact with one of these untouchables, Ammu violates the
caste system, which also causes the family to fall apart and also, Ammu’s
twins, Estha and Rahel to be separated from each other. Sophie Mol’s
unfortunate drowning, though, occurs in 1969, Roy’s story begins twenty
three years later, when Rahel comes back to home in India, to Estha where
there is desire that the love of the twins for each other will heal their deep
suffering. Rahel comes back to Ayemenem as an adult to “a decimated
household, a dysfunctional twin and a decaying house” (45).
Much of Roy’s third-person narrative is told mainly from the point of
view of the two fraternal twin protagonists, Rahel and Estha. She constructs
her narration moving backwards from present-day India to the fateful
drowning that occurred twenty three years earlier, in 1969. With flashbacks
from the present to the past; Roy fabricates her plot with an increasing
suspense till the end of the novel. She structures her narration so skillfully
that the malignant tragedy is not fully illustrated until the final scenes of
the novel. Roy tells and reveals gradually the story of all characters and the
shocking series of events throughout her text.
As at the outset of the paper has been pointed out, Roy’s The God of
Small Things is the story of the visit and the drowning of Sophie Mol
resulting in the destruction of the innocent lives and their splitting up from
1027
each other when she comes to see her Indian father, Chacko, during her
Charismas holiday. Upon coming to India, Sophie Mol is not aware of the
disaster waiting for her. One they she is out with her Indian cousins, Estha
and Rahel, on the mysterious river in Ayemenem, she suddenly drowns
which makes the family, especially, Margaret grieved. The catastrophic
event occur even if English Margaret, who is “traveling to the Heart of
Darkness, has been acknowledged by her friends to “take everything” and
to “be prepared” on the grounds of the fact that “anything can happen to
anyone” in India (267).
As Sophie’s mothers friend’s have estimated, the most horrifying incident
she might experience in her life happens, and “green weed and river grime
were woven into her beautiful redbrown hair” of her daughter, and her
child’s eyelids were “nibbled at by fish” (251). Margaret never forgives
herself for not listening to her friends, and taking Sophie to India but she
understands her mistake very lately after her losing her daughter in India.
Sophie Mole’s drowning is a metaphoric sign of the hegemony of the Eastern
over the European, which has the power to swallow up the colonizers easily.
This is also the power of the wilderness and primitiveness of Eastern that
the colonial elements always fear and never resist. Postcolonial discourse
maintains that the threat of the Eastern for the European is either to devour
the European in the wilderness or to make the Europeans go wild. The
death of Sophie Mol in Roy’s story metaphorically illustrates that there is
no escape from the tragic fate waiting for the colonizer in the colonial land.
As previously mentioned, the deep interaction with the colonizer creates
not only the suffering of the colonizer but also that of the colonized that
recognized and felt upset and anxious about the inferiority of their own
culture when compare to that of the colonizer. The feeling of the inferiority
created a community that was not glad about his existence, and that had
no peace anymore. The colonized having felt their inferiority, appreciated
everything that belonged to the colonizer and forget their own history,
culture, and language.
To be precise, they transformed into a nation who had not culture of
their own, and felt second-class thereby struggling to become a member of
the superior culture of the colonized. Thus, as it is stated in novel several
times “things can changes in a day” (32), implies the day on which the
colonizer’s arrival has changed everything in the land of the colonized.
In The God of Small Things, Chacko Kochamma, the uncle of the twins,
describes the colonized people as “prisoners of war”, as a result of which
1028
their “dreams have been doctored” and they “belong nowhere”. According
to him, it is a kind of war that has occupied their minds that they “have
won and lost. The very worst sort of war. A war that captures dreams
and re-dreams them. A war that has made them adore their captures and
despise themselves” (53) Frantz Fanon in his A Dying Colonialism (1965),
argues that “the challenging of the very principle of foreign domination
brings about essential mutations in the consciousness of the colonized,
in the manner in which he perceives the colonizer, in his human states in
the world” (Gandhi, 1998: 130). Seeing themselves inferior, the colonized
people recognized that the only way to make their situation better is to
become similar to the colonizer, and thus, they try to imitate the colonizers
ideas, values and practices. They appreciate and value the colonizers way
of living and try to imitate their culture in view of not having of their own.
Roy in narrating Chacko’s thoughts reports:
Chacko told the twins though he hated to admit it, they were
all anglophile. They were a family of Anglophiles. Pointed in the
wrong direction, trapped outside their own history, and unable to
retrace their steps because their footprints had been swept away. He
explained to them that history was like an old house at night. With
all the lamps lit. And ancestors whispering inside. ‘To understand
history, ‘Chacko said, we have to go inside and listen to what they’re
saying. And look at the books and the pictures on the wall. And
smells the smells.’ (52)
Roy in her novel narrates clearly how the colonized people appreciate
the English culture and their considerable effort to become like them by
way of imitation. There are seen perfectly in different behaviors of the
natives in the novel toward the half English Chacko’s daughter Sophie
Mole and her Indian twin cousins, Rahel and Estha. When Chacko’s half
English daughter Sophie and her mother Margaret come to India, every
body in the family is impatiently awaited for their arrival. Sophie Mole’s
half English identity is important both for the members of the family
and for the people outside. The importance of an English cousin can be
obviously presented in the speech of a man from outside the family where
Roy illustrates the scene as the following:
The twins squatted on their haunches, like professional adults gossip in
the Ayemenem market.
They sat in silence for a while. Kuttappen mortified, the twins
preoccupied with boat thought.
‘Has Chacko Saar’s Mol come?’ Kuttappen asked.
1029
when they compare themselves to their half English cousin, Sophie Mol,
since they are just the imitation of English, not real ones. Roy depicts
the difference between the twins and Sophie Mol throughout the novel.
She describes Sophie Mol as one of the “little angles” who “were beach-
colored and wore bell bottoms”, while Rahel and Estha are depicted as
two evil where we are told: “Littledemons were mudbrown in Airport fairy
frocks with forehead bumps that might turn into horns with fountains in
love-in-Tokyos. And backword-reading habits. And if you cared to look,
you cold see Satan in their eyes. (179).
Baby Kochamma twin’s aunt also gives an expression on the difference
between Sophie Mol and the twins. She describes Sophie Mol as “so
beautiful that she reminded her of a wood- sprite. Of Ariel.” Ariel in
Shakespeare’s The Tempest (144). While in describing the twins she say, “
‘They’re sly. They’re uncouth. Deceitful. They are growing wild you can’t
manage them” (149). This point maintains that such a great appreciation
that they love even their children as long as they imitate the values of the
other culture, and dissemble to be a member of that culture. Roy’s another
character who suffers from being a hybrid aspect is Pappachi Kochamma,
the grandfather of the twins whom with his strong passion to be an English
man in manner and appearance.
Pappachi Ammu’s father is a man who after retiring from Government
service in Delhi having worked for many years as an Imperial Entomologist
at the Pusa Institute, and who come to live in Ayemenem with his wife,
Mammachi, his son Chacko and his daughter Ammu till he dies. Pappachi
tries always to imitate the English way of clothing and as Roy illustrates
“until the day he died, even in the stifling Ayemenem heat, even single day,
Pappachi wore a well prepared three-piece suit and his gold pocket watch”
(49).
It is his strong passion to another culture that makes him dress a suit,
not his traditional clothing, mumudu and “khaki Judhpurs though he had
never ridden a horse in his life” (51). Ammu his daughter in describing
such a great appreciation of the other culture where we are told “Ammu
said that Pappachi was an incurable British CCP, which was short for chhi
chhi poach and in Hindu meant shit-wiper” (51). Chacko also as Ammu is
aware of how his father is keen on the English culture where Roy reports:
Chacko said that the correct word for people like Pappachi was
Anglophile. He made Rahel and Estha look up Anglophile in the
1032
not belonging to either the culture of the colonized or that of the colonizer.
Roy in reporting Chacko’s suffering of hybridization states that: “our minds
have been invaded by a war. A war that we have won and lost. The very
worst sort of war. A war that captures dreams and re-dreams them. A war
that has made us adore our conquerors and despite ourselves” (53). This
point highlights that the colonized always look down upon and scorns their
own culture, thereby they are uprooted from their culture and appreciates
whatever the colonizer has; therefore, they try to imitate them without
being to be a member of it on account of not being European in blood.
Chacko educated at Oxford University, realizes that their country and
mind have been captured by the colonizer and he depicts his own people
as “anglophile” “a person well disposed to the English” (52). However,
he himself is aware of being an anglophile, when he comes to loving
something that belongs to the English culture. His anglophile identity
is approved when he gets married to an English woman. As Ammu, his
sister, regards it on as marrying “our conquerors”. Chacko like his father’s
admiration of the English way of clothing appreciates the manners and
attitudes an English woman has. Roy in portraying Chacko’s admiration
of his English wife states:
As for Chacko, Margaret Kochamma was the first female friend
he had ever had. Not just the first woman that he had slept with, but
his first real companion. What Chacko loved most about her was her
self-sufficiency. Perhaps it wasn’t remarkable in the average English
women, but it was remarkable to Chacko.
He loved the fact that Margaret Kochamma didn’t cling to him
that she was uncertain about her feeling for him. That he never know
till the last day whether or not she would marry him. He loved the
way she would sit up naked in his bed, her long white back swiveled
away from him, look at her watch and say in her practical way –
‘Oops, I must be off.’ He loved the way she wobbled to work every
morning on her bicycle. He encouraged their differences in opinion,
and inwardly rejoiced at her occasional outburst of exasperation at
his decadence. (245-246).
Roy in giving the reason why Chacko admires Margaret, which is a
kind of looking up down on Indian women, reports that, “He was grateful
to his wife for not wanting to look after him. For not offering to tidy his
room. For not being cloying mother. He grew too depend on Margaret
Kochamma for not depending on him. He adored her for not adoring him”
1034
(246). Although Chacko appreciates his English wife for not wanting to
look after him, unlike his Indian mother, the same English woman leaves
him just because he is not used to looking after himself, which is quite
clear in the following description:
That it was impossible for him to consider making the bed, or
washing clothes or dishes. That he didn’t apologize for the cigarette
burns in the new sofa. That he seemed incapable of buttoning up
his shirt, knotting his tie and tying his shoe laces before presenting
himself for a job interview (247).
The important point that arises here is that his marriage to a married
woman becomes successful to the extent that he is able to hide his real
Indian Identity and plays his role successfully as the husband of an English
woman. The reason their marriage ends in divorce results in the interaction
between his own culture as the colonized and the culture of his wife as the
colonizer and his belonging to neither of them.
Although Chacko and Pappachi do their best to look like the colonizer
both in manner and attitudes, they become the victims of the interaction
with the colonizers’ culture that is regarded as superior. Despite their
endeavor to imitate the colonizer, considering their behavior throughout
the novel it is impossible for them to escape from their own identity, being
Indian in blood, not English. Roy, as a postcolonial writer, in her novel tries
to focus on the sufferings of the colonized originated from the interaction
with the colonized.
Besides Roy’s hybrid characters which can be understood as an evidence
of the contamination arrived with the colonizer, in order to prove how
dreadful suffering the arrival of the colonizer has brought to the colonial
land, the day on which Sophie Mol come to India is used as metaphorically,
and it stands for the coming of the colonizers. Sophie Mol with her English
mother Margaret comes from England to India to see her Indian father,
Chacko. Her coming to India is important because it stands for that of
the colonizer and in what ways it has brought about the sufferings of the
people in the colonial territory. Roy explains throughout the novel the great
influence of Sophie Mol in disturbing the tranquil situation in India and the
destructive effects of her visit. The most shattering effects can be seen in
the Estha and Rahel character, both of whom “hadn’t seen each other since
Estha’s return in a train with his pointy shoes rolled into his khaki hold
all”(32). Rahel immediately after separation of Estha from Ayemenem
loses her mother Ammu, too. Rahel also loves her Ayemenem and her twin
1035
brother and wander from school to school. On the whole, Sophie Mol’s
arrival to India changed their faith and caused all these disastrous events.
The life in Ayemenem before her arrival was peaceful and tranquil. Roy in
illustrating the Ayemenem maintains that “Here, however, it was peace time
and the family in the Plymouth traveled without fear or foreboding”(35).
Sophie Mol’s arrival representing the colonizer disturbs the peaceful life in
Ayemenem. This is obviously observable when Roy portrays the situation
as, “You couldn’t see the river from the window anymore… and their has
come a time when uncles became fathers, mother’s lovers and cousins died
and had funerals. It was a time when the unthinkable became thinkable and
the impossible really happened” (31).
REFERENCES
Ashcroft, B. (2004). “England through Colonial Eyes in Twentieth-
Century Fiction”, CLIO, 34(1-2), 207-224.
Ashcroft, Bill, et al. (2002). The Empire Writes Back: Theory and
Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London: Routledge.
Ashcroft, Bill, et al. The Postcolonial Studies Reader. London:
Routledge, 1995.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). The Location of Culture. London and New
York: Routledge, 1994.
Gandhi, L. (1998). Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. St.
Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.
Moore-Gilbert, B. (1997). Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices,
Politics. London: Verso.
Moore-Gilbert, B. et al (Eds.). (1997). Postcolonial Criticism. London:
Longman.
Needham, A. D. (2005), “The Small Voice of History in Arundhati
Roy’s”, The God of Small Things IJPS, Volume 7, N 3, 369-391.
Roy, Arundhati (1997). The God of Small Things. London,
Falmingo.
Tickell, A. (2003). “The God of Small Things: Arundhati Roy’s
Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism. The Journal of Commonwealth
Literature, 38-73.
1037
ABSTRACT
The study is in fact a collection of the proverbs used by proverbs of
the Iraqi Turkmen’s which contain the names of some of the insects . the
animals mentioned in the proverbs grouped together here seem to be the
animals that existed in the environment of the Turkmen’s, whether it be
their home, his farm or where he traveled .
Since those animals have certain characteristics such as patience,
friendship, love or treason, the Turkmens seem to have tried & express
those characteristics of animals by proverbs used by humans aiming at
applying them & humans in an in direct and mostly metaphorical way.
it is necessary & observe that some of the animals are mentioned more
than others due to the fact that those animals like the “ dog ”, “ sheep ” ,
“ donkey”, “ camel ”, “ horse ” ...etc.
Man in his travels and movements and / or they live In his environment
and they he depends on them for his living like the whale monkey,
giraffe
Some of the animals are either rarely mentioned at all turtle ... etc.
the reason is that either there animals do not have characteristics similar
& there which the humans have or because they do not exist in turkman
environment.
It is also important to pay attention & the literary value of these
proverbs since they are expressed in figurative way and sometimes
these sayings are rhymed and contain assonance or resonance, and other
figures of speech in addition & their social value as saying that contain
wise words.
Key Words : Proverbs, Turkmen, Iraqi.
The Proverbs of the Iraqi Turkmans , as is the case with the other
nations of the world , express the implications of social , economic and
psychological life of the people. These proverbs express in the best way
1038
most of the events that have taken place and continue to take place in
detail in the everyday life of the people. Mostly, these proverbs are cited
or uttered in brief and simple expressions in such a way that makes them
easy to memorize and use generation after generation. If we look at the
proverbs of Iraqi Turkmans we find that they have expressed people’s
feelings of happiness and sadness besides their life experiences. One
can see that these proverbs are expressions of human characteristics like
love, hatred, bravery, generosity, cooperation and so on in addition to
expressing the relations of the human beings with one another wherever
they be. The present paper deals with the use of various animal (and some
insect) names that existed in the environment of the Turkmans since the
early days of history, whether that be in his home, or farm or wherever
he travelled. And since humans have always been in contact with these
animals and since each kind of those animals have characteristics which
may have their counterparts in humans like patience, treason, love or
betrayal, human beings have tried to express those characteristic of
animals by proverbs that are used by humans to apply those characteristics
on humans although that has been mostly in an indirect or metaphorical
way. It is important to notice that the proverbs most frequent used in our
everyday life and which are most effective and expressive among the
Turkmen proverbs are those in which one species of animals is used.
Just for example we mention some of those proverbs which are well-known
among the Turkmans:
– Attan iner eşeğe miner (biner). Which means:
He gets down a horse and gets on a donkey.
– Aslan ağzından av alınmaz .
No prey can be taken out of the mouth of the lion.
– İki kuşu bir taştan (taşla) vurdu.
He hit two birds by one stone.
– Balık suda mamele (alış veriş) edilmez .
Bargaining over the fish cannot be done while the fish is
inside the water
– Deve öz (kendi) kanburunu görmez.
1039
Anyhow, we can notice that in any of the Turkmen proverbs the names of
most of the animals that exist in the areas (locations) in which the Turkmans
live have been used. However certain animals have been used more than
others like the dog, the wolf, the donkey, the camel, the horse, the sheep
and others. It seems that the reason behind the frequent use of these animals
more than the other ones in the proverbs is that those animals have since
the old time accompanied the humans in their travels, and have lived with
them in their environment besides being a source of living and comfort
and a means of transportation and carrier of luggage in their movement
from place to place. Some other animals have been a source of danger and
annoyance for humans and their pets and domestic animals. It is worth
mentioning that some of the animals are rarely used or mentioned in the
Iraqi Turkmen proverbs like the pig, the deer, the peacock, and the tiger;
whereas there are some other animals which have not been mentioned in
Turkmen proverbs like the monkey, the giraffe and the turtle. The reason
behind the rarity of using or not mentioning some species of animals (or
insects) in Turkmen proverbs is because they do not have characteristics
and features similar to those of the humans or because those animals do
not exist in the areas where Turkoman live. Any scrutinizing view at the
Turkmen proverbs that are fixed in the existing references mentioned at the
end of the study show that about (2000) two thousand proverbs are fixed in
the references the proverbs that include the names of animals are (523). It
1040
means that more than a quarter of the total number of the Turkmen proverbs
include the names of animals. It is seen that (64) different species of animals
and insects are used in these proverbs. Definitely, the more proverbs are
discovered by the researcher, the larger number of the species will be.
The following is an index of the species of animals used in Turkmen
proverbs arranged according to the frequency of each species we start with
the species that are used and repeated more than others and then we move
to the types/species that are used less than others with an example for each
type. It should be noticed that some species of animals’ name equals the
number of some other species. There are many proverbs in which two or
even three species of animals are mentioned in one proverb. These will be
mentioned later:
The fox cannot enter its whole and then it fixes a sweeper in its tail.
23. The pig (donguz/domuz): it is mentioned in (7) proverbs.
e.g Dongozdan (domuzdan) bir tük (tüy) kopsun gene kardı(r).
Evin if a hair is taken from the pig it is a gain.
24. The greyhound (tazı): it is mentioned in (7) proverbs.
e.g Tazısız ava çıkan tavşansız eve döner.
He who goes hunting without a greyhound, comes back home without
a rabbit.
25. The bull (sığır/öküz): it is mentioned in (6) proverbs.
e.g Sığır kasaphaneye ulaştıktan sonra bıçak hazırdı(r).
By the arrival of the bull in the slaughter house the knife is ready (to
slay).
26. The mouse (sıçan/fare): it is mentioned in (6) proverbs.
e.g Sıçan çıktığı deliği tanır.
The mouse well knows the hole from which it has come out.
27. The owl (baykuş): it is mentioned in (6) proverbs.
e.g Allah baykuşun rızkını ayağına gönderi(r).
God sends the owl its food.
28. The bee (arı): it is mentioned in (5) proverbs.
e.g Arı bal alacağ (alacak) çiçeği tanır.
The bee knows the flower from which it takes the honey.
29. The goose (kaz): it is mentioned in (5) proverbs.
e.g Tavuk kaz yumurtası doğmaz.
The hen cannot lay eggs of goose.
30. The dog (it): it is mentioned in (5) proverbs.
e.g Kervan yürür it hürür.
The convoy continues to move while the dog howls.
31. The mule (katır): it is mentioned in (4) proverbs.
e.g Deve ırağına, katır tırnağına bakar.
The camel looks far , whereas the mule looks at its nails.
32. The lamb (kuzu): it is mentioned in (4) proverbs.
e.g Koyun öz kuzusunu basmaz.
The sheep does not walk over its own lamb.
33. The sparrow (serçe): it is mentioned in (4) proverbs.
e.g Yüz serçe bir kazan doldurmaz.
A hundred sparrows do not fill a cauldron.
34. The rabbit (tavşan): it is mentioned in (4) proverbs.
e.g Her yerin tavşanını o yerin tazısı tutar.
The rabbits of each land are caught by its hunting dogs.
35. The animal (hayvan): it is mentioned in (4) proverbs.
e.g Hayvan hayvanı okşar, insan insanı.
1043
e.g. Göz açmamış kör yarasa balasına (yavrusuna) benziri (benziyor)
He looks like the close eyed baby of a bat .
61. The water buffalo ( gamış , manda): it is mentioned in(1) proverb.
e.g. Ne gamış (manda) sağmışam ne deve kırkmışam.
I have neither milked a water buffalo nor cut the hair of a camel .
62. The chick (ferig/küçük tavuk ): it is mentioned in(1)proverb.
e.g. Bizim horozdan (horozla ) siziv (sizing) feriği (küçük tavuk)
aşınadı(r). Our cock and your hen are in love.
63. The monster (canavar): it is mentioned in (1) proverb.
e.g. Üz (yüz) verilen canavar deği (l).
He is not the type of monster that can be welcome .
64 . The fiend, demon (dev): it is mentioned in (1) proverb.
e.g. Ev derdi, dev derdi.
The concerns of home equal the concerns of the fiend.
Below is a list of proverbs in which two or more types of animals are
mentioned.
REFERENCES
Al-Dakuki, İbrahim. Turkmen Public Arts (in Arabic), Baghdad, Dar
Al-Zaman Publishing House, 1962.
Benderoğlu, Abdullatıf. Turkmans in the Iraq of Revolution (in Arabic),
Baghdad: Dar Al-Hurriya, 1973.
Bendioğlu, Abdullatif Our Proverbs, 2 vols (in Turkish). Baghdad
House of General cultural Affairs, 1988.
Terzibashi, Ata. Kirkuk Proverbs Baghdad: Al-Zaman Publishing
House, 1962 .
Dakuklu, Mohammed Khourshid. The Garden of Old Sayings (in
Turkish) Baghdad: House of General Cultural Affairs, 1989.
Zabit, Shakir Sabir, The Proverbs of Iraqi Turkmans (in Turkish),
Baghdad: Dar al-Basri, 1962.
1047
ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ТУНИССКОГО
АРАБО-ЯЗЫЧНОГО РОМАНА
NADİROVA, G. E./НАДИРОВА, Г. Е.
KAZAKİSTAN/KAZAKHSTAN/КАЗАХСТАН
ÖZET
Roman, edebî tür olarak Arap dilli Tunus edebiyatında bağımsızlık anın-
dan günümüze kadar önemli yere sahiptir, asırlarca süren teşekkül etme ve
gelişme süreci kanıtlar ki, Tunus romanı, dış etkilere açık, toplumsal ve
sanatsal şuurun oluşmasına etki gösteren canlı sanatsal varlıktır.
Roman sanatının genel akınında roman-sosyal araştırma ve entelektüel
roman, onun yaratıcı, manalı miras unsurlarını aktif şekilde çekmek, şim-
diki düşünce teşebbüsleriyle önemli role sahiptir.
Roman metinleri dil seviyesinde edebî dil mevcuttur, şive, klasik miras
dili, Fransızca, yazarlar onları yaratıcı ve manalı tek bir metine birleştir-
meye çalışmışlardır.
Tür seviyesinde sürekli arama ve yenileme süreci sonucunda, entere-
san ve beklenmedik neticelere ulaşılır, örneğin, roman-piyes türü, dram
eserinin anlatı eseriyle tamamlanmasıdır, neticede değişik edebî tarz, yeni
edebî bir tür ortaya çıkmıştır.
Romanda şahıs ve onun çevresi, şahıs ve onun varoluşu arasındaki
uyumsuzluğun genel duyusu belirtilmiştir, bu yaratıcılık yenilenme, kav-
ramsal ve kültürel aramanın sürekli teşebbüsünde ifade edilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Roman, sanat, miras, gelişim, modernizm.
ABSTRACT
The novel as a genre has occupied a prominent position in the Arabic-
language Tunisian literature since its independence. The century-long pro-
cess shows that the Tunisian novel is a live artistic organism open to external
influences and itself influencing the society and art. “Social research nov-
els” and “intellectual novels”, which try to assess the present while actively
using elements of artistic legacy, play an important role within the genre.
Standard Arabic, dialect, classic legacy language and French co-exist at the
1048
language level. At the form level a constant process of search and change
goes on which leads to unexpected and interesting results such as novel-
play where narrative is added drama resulting in a new original genre, new
literary form. The novel expresses the general feling og discord between the
man and his existence, the man and the environment, which is reflected in the
constant search for creative renewal.
Key Words: Novel, art, haritage, evolution, modernism.
Ключевые слова: Pоман, творчество, наследие, эволюция, модер-
низм.
-----
Тунисская литература, новая и современная, представляет собой
важную часть арабской литературы в целом, значение которой пос-
тоянно возрастает. Долгое время она оставалась под большим влия-
нием литературы арабского Машрика (Египта, Сирии, Ливана и дру-
гих стран региона к востоку от Египта), даже копировала ее. Одна-
ко постепенно, особенно в последние десятилетия ей удалось выйти
из-под этого влияния, у нее появились свои объективные причины и
художественные средства, которые дали ей возможность утвердиться
и преодолеть этап ученичества и социально-политической ангажиро-
ванности, обозначить свое видение действительности.
Арабо-язычная тунисская литература, как и вся магрибинская (Ал-
жира, Туниса, Марокко, Ливии) литература в целом, в эпоху коло-
ниализма испытывала значительные трудности, препятствовавшие ее
развитию, распространению и обогащению теми художественными
особенностями, которые сегодня отличают ее от франкоязычной ли-
тературы стран Магриба. Долгое время именно франкоязычная лите-
ратура региона пользовалась особым вниманием читателей, критиков,
как арабских, так и зарубежных (Ghazi,1970;8). Имелись многочис-
ленные исследования по ее стилистике, структуре, конструкции, идей-
ным позициям и критическим суждениям, особенно по жанру романа.
Благодаря постоянному вниманию и поощрению появилось целое по-
коление прекрасных писателей-романистов, пишущих на французс-
ком языке, которые преодолели узкую локальность, чтобы осознать
принадлежность всему миру. Это Катиб Йасин, Мулуд Фер‘аун и Му-
луд Маммери в Алжире, Альбер Мемми в Тунисе, Тахар Бенджеллун
и Дрис Шрайби в Марокко и другие. Франкоязычный магрибинский
роман активно развивался как в количественном, так и в качественном
1049
ABSTRACT
The present report deals with genesis of the genre of Arabic literature
known as biography of the Prophet and development of the most prominent
biography - Sirat Rasul Allah (Biography of the Messenger of Allah)
compiled by Ibn Ishaq and edited by Ibn Hisham. The author traces back
how the collection and transmission of the hadith (Tradition on the deeds
and sayings of the Prophet) has developed first into compilations devoted
to separate subjects, for instance, maghazi (military expeditions), and later
into full biographies of the Prophet which covered all the events of his
life from birth to death. The second part of the article is dedicated to the
authors of the biography in question: the famous authority on maghazi
Muhammad ibn Ishaq who compiled the original biography which hasn’t
been preserved intact till nowadays and philologist ‘Abd al-Malik ibn
Hisham who edited and supplemented the work of the predecessor.
Key Words: Middle Age, Arabic literature, Sirat Rasul Allah (Biography
of the Messenger of Allah).
Резюме
Ас-Сира ан-набавиййа (араб. «Жизнеописание Пророка») – жанр
арабской литературы, который в Средние века занимал довольно вы-
сокое место в номенклатуре жанров арабской литературы. По мнению
многих ученых, жизнеописание Пророка является третьим по значи-
мости источником для изучения ислама после Корана и сунны.
Произведения жанра сира традиционно рассматривали как источ-
ники по истории ислама и биографии Мухаммада, а как памятники
литературы они довольно мало изучены.
1066
775), когда тот находился в Хире, и сочинил для него «Магази», а за-
тем окончательно поселился в Багдаде (Ибн Халликан, б.г.; 4, 277).
Ранние мусульманские критики относились к Ибн Исхаку по-раз-
ному: некоторые ученые считали его одним из главных знатоков пре-
дания, (напр., Абу Зур‘а, ал-Мадини, Ибн Ма‘ин и Ибн Са‘д), другие
не считали достоверными хадисы, которые он передавал (напр., ан-
Ниса‘и, ал-Асрам, Сулайман ат-Тайми и Вухайб ибн Халид). Законовед
и знаток предания, основатель ханбалитского мазхаба мусульманс-
кого права «имам Багдада» Ахмад ибн Ханбал (164/780-241/855 гг.)
признавал авторитет Ибн Исхака в области магази, но не принимал
хадисы в его передаче, поскольку возражал против использования
коллективного иснада (такой вид иснада, когда в начале перечисляют-
ся все передатчики, а потом приводится текст хадиса, но слова одного
передатчика никак не отделяются от слов других), к которому часто
прибегал Ибн Исхак. Однако по свидетельству Ибн Халликана, Ахмад
ибн Ханбал считал хадисы в передаче Ибн Исхака верными, но не при-
знавал его авторитетом в юридических вопросах, хотя последний и
называл себя знатоком фикха (мусульманского права). Ибрахим ибн
Са‘д передавал со ссылкой на Ибн Исхака около 17 тысяч хадисов,
посвященных юридическим вопросам, не считая сообщений о магази.
В своде аз-Захаби есть следующее сообщение об этом: «сказал мне
Ибрахим ибн Хамза: Ибрахим ибн Са‘ад передавал от Ибн Исхака 17
тысяч хадисов, содержащих заповеди, помимо тех, что посвящены ма-
гази. Я сказал: это из-за повтора способов передачи хадисов. А что
касается заповедей, то их количество не превышает и десятой части
этого» (аз-Захаби, 1992; 7, 39). Что касается коллективного иснада,
то, как считают некоторые современные исследователи, например,
Дж.М.Б. Джоунс, это обвинение не совсем справедливо, так как такой
вид иснада активно использовался всеми ранними авторами произве-
дений магази и сира (Джоунс, 2003).
Помимо посвященной Пророку «Китаб ал-магази ва ас-сийар»
(«Книги завоевательных походов и жизнеописаний») Ибн Исхак со-
ставил «Китаб ал-хулафа’» («Книга халифов») и книгу «Сунан»
(«Предания»). «Книга завоевательных походов и жизнеописаний»
Ибн Исхака состояла из трех частей: «ал-Мубтада’» («Начало»), «ал-
Маб‘ас» («Пророческая миссия») и «ал-Магази» («Завоевательные
походы»). Значительная часть «Китаб ал-магази» сохранилась в ре-
дакции Йунуса ибн Букайра ибн Васила аш-Шайбани (Сезгин, 1967;
1074
10- Мьюр - Muir W., (1988), Life of Mahomet (reprint of the edition
London 1861). Osnnabrück.
11- Пиотровский М.Б., (1994), Введение и примечания. – Раздел
1. Мухаммад и начало Ислама / Хрестоматия по Исламу. Москва:
Наука.
12- Сезгин - Sezgin F., (1967), Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums.
Leiden.
13- «Сира» - Das Leben Muhammeds nach Muhammed Ibn Ishak bear-
beitet von Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischam. Herausgegeben von F. Wüstenfeld,
(1858-1860), Göttingen: Dietrich.
14- Уотт, 1962 - Watt W.M., (1962), “The materials used by Ibn Ishaq”,
B. Lewis and P.M. Holt (ed.) Historians of the Middle East. London.
15- Уотт, 2003 - Watt W.M., (2003), “Ibn Hisham”, Encyclopaedia of
Islam. Cd-rom ed. Brill academic publishers.
16- Хайндс - Hinds M., (2003), “al-Maghazi”, Encyclopaedia of Islam.
Cd-rom ed. Brill academic publishers.
17- Шидфар Б.Я., (1980), «Генезис и вопросы арабского народ-
ного романа (сиры)», Генезис романа в литературах Азии и Африки.
Москва.
1079
NEBİYEV, Bekir
AZERBAYCAN/AZERBAIJAN/АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН
ÖZET
Azərbaycanlı mühacirlərin çox zəngin, ədəbi, elmi, publisist irsi var. Bu
xəzinədə Əlibəy Hüseynzadə, Əhməd Ağaoğlu, Mehmet Əmin Rəsulzadə,
Səməd Ağa oğlu, Mirzə Bala Mehmetzadə, Əlimərdan bəy Topçubaşov,
Ceyhun Hacıbəyli, Əhməd Cəfəroğlu, Əbdülvahab Yurdsevər, Almas
İldırım, Banin (Ümmülbanu), Mehmet Sadiq Aran və digər önəmli simaların
əsərləri bulunur. Onların hələ indi-indi, imkan düşdükcə İstanbuldan və
Ankaradan, Tehrandan və Təbrizdən, Parisdən və Berlindən tapılıb bizə
ulaşan kitabları, jurnal və qəzet kəsikləri, məktubları, nadir əlyazmalarından
parçalar, şəxsi arşivlərindən bəzi yarpaqlar mühacirətdəki alimlərimizin
yaradıcılığının mövzu və problem vüsətindən xəbər verməkdədir.
Mühacir alimlərin Azərbaycan dili, ədəbiyyatı, kültürü, folklor və etnoq
rafiyası ilə bağlı çoxsaylı araşdırmaları milli ədəbiyyatşünaslıq elminin
gəlişməsində özəl bir mərhələ təşkil edir və hazırda Azərbaycan mühacirət
ədəbiyyatşünaslığı adı altında öyrənilir.
Konqrenin Ədəbiyyat elmlərinin problemləri bölməsində söylənməsi
nəzərdə tutulan tebliğimizdə Ə.Hüseynzadə və Ə. Ağaoğlunun dəyərli
elmi irsi, özəlliklə Ə. Cəfəroğlunun Azərbaycan folkloruna həsr edilmiş
sanballı məqalələri, eləcə də C. Hacıbəylinin «Qarabağ dialekti və
folkloru» monoqrafiyası, M. Ə. Rəsulzadənin «Azərbaycan şairi Nizami»
kitabı geniş təhlil olunur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Azərbaycan, əlm, ədəbiyyat, mühacirat, tankid.
ABSTRACT
Azerbaijani Literature in Emigration
Azerbaijani emigrants left behind rich cultural, scientific and literary
heritage. There are works of Ali-bey Husein-zadeh, Ahmed Agha-oghlu,
1080
nümunələr əsasında belə düzgün bir nəticəyə gəlmişdi ki, hər cür senzor
maneələrinə və partiya orqanlarının çox sərt nəzarətinə baxmayaraq
«qırmızı istilanın kommunizm ölkəsində milli hissi öldürdüyünə dair
söylənən bədbin hökmlər mübaliğəlidir. Bu hiss yaşayır, çarpışır və millətin
ruhunu əks etdirən aynada – onun ədəbiyyatında öz əksini tapır».
M. Ə. Rəsulzadənin ədəbiyyatşünaslıq sahəsində ən sanballı əsəri
«Azərbaycan şairi Nizami» monoqrafiyasıdır. Bu kitab şairin əsərlərini
və onun ətrafında aparılmış tədqiqatları orijinalında, yəni farsca oxuyan,
yüksək elmi səviyyəyə və incə bədii zövqə malik olan bir alimin çoxillik
araşdırmalarının məhsuludur. Dörd fəsildən ibarət kitab Nizami Gəncəvinin
dövrü, mühiti, həyatı, yaradıcılığı, ədəbi sələflərinə münasibəti, sənətdə
xələflərinin şairə münasibəti, «Xəmsə»nin bədii xüsusiyyətləri, Nizami
ədəbi məktəbi və s. haqqında sanballı monoqrafiyadır.
Müqəddimədə müəllif Nizaminin irsi və onun yaradıcılıq taleyi ilə bu və
ya digər dərəcədə bağlı olan bir sıra çox vacib problemləri işıqlandırmışdır.
Bunlardan biri Şərq mədəniyyətinə türklərin, Azərbaycan xalqının verdiyi
qiymətli töhfə məsələsidir. O, belə bir fikri əsaslandırır ki, Şərq aləmində
bəzi hallarda islam mədəniyyəti adı altında birləşdirilən elm, ədəbiyyat,
incəsənət, xüsusən poeziya əsərlərinin yaranmasında ərəblərlə bərabər,
onlar qədər, bəzi sahələrdə hətta onlardan da artıq türklərin və farsların
xidmətləri vardır. Bu sahədə adları bir qayda olaraq həmişə birinci çəkilən
görkəmli sənət korifeyləri arasında fars Ə.Firdovsi, özbək Ə.Nəvai ilə
yanaşı azərbaycanlı N. Gəncəvinin də şərəfli adı xüsusi əzəmətlə səslənir.
Şairin əsərlərindən aldığı çoxsaylı faktlar və onların elmi təhlili əsasında
müəllif dönə-dönə təkrar edir ki, Nizami qəlbi türk sevgisi, Qafqaz şəraiti
ilə bağlı olan, yurdunun tarixi müqəddəratından və ölkəsinin özünəməxsus
gözəlliklərindən nəşət edən bir Azərbaycan şairidir.
Nizaminin şəxsiyyəti məsələsi bütün əsər boyu müəllifin diqqət
mərkəzindədir. Lakin kitabın birinci fəslində Nizaminin tərcümeyi-halına
dair müxtəlif mənbələrdən toplanmış faktları, eləcə də şairin Azərbaycan
hökmdarları ilə münasibətlərinə dair onun özünün «Xəmsə»də yazdıqları
əsasında tədqiqatçı bu böyük söz ustadının şəxsiyyətini bugünün oxucusu
üçün daha da doğmalaşdırır, vüqarı, əyilməzliyi, mənəvi ucalığı barədə
təsəvvürləri zənginləşdirir. Bu zəmində Nizaminin dünya ədəbiyaytında
mövqeyi məsələsinin qoyuluşu bizə daha inandırıcı görünür. Azərbaycan,
İran və Hindistanın görkəmli söz ustalarından gətirilən etiraflar bir daha
təsdiq edir ki, «aşiqanə məsnəvilər yazmaqda… heç kim şeyx həzrətlərinin
(Nizaminin) səviyyəsinə yüksələ bilməmişdir. Nizaminin izilə getmək
və onun xırmanından qalan başaqları toplamaq məqsədilə Əmir Xosrov
1086
KAYNAKÇA
1. Cabbarlı, N., (2003), Mühacirət və klassik ədəbi irs. Bakı: Elm, 23.
2. Cəfəroğlu, Ə., (1954), «Modern Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatına toplu bir
baxış», Azərbaycan yurd bilgisi. İstanbul, sayı 37, 40.
3. Yurdsevər, Ə., (1950), Azərbaycan dram ədəbiyyatı. Ankara, 27.
1091
ÖZET
Orhan Veli, Türk şiir tarihinde önemli bir kırılma ve değişme evresi olan
Garip şiirinin öncüsü ve en tanınmış şairidir. Şiire Ahmet Haşim, Yahya
Kemal Beyatlı, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Ahmet Muhip Dranas ve Necip
Fazıl Kısakürek gibi şairlerin etkisinde kaldığı örneklerle başlamış, ancak
daha sonra geleneğin temsilcisi saydığı isimlerini zikrettiğimiz şairlerden
farklı bir sanat anlayışı doğrultusunda yepyeni, “garip” addedilecek eserler
kaleme almıştır. Söz konusu eserlerini yazarken de kanaatimizce bütün ge-
lenekle hesaplaşmakla birlikte en çok Ahmet Haşim’in şiir anlayışını göz
önünde bulundurmuştur. Bir bakıma onun şiirine Ahmet Haşim’in şiiriyle
hesaplaşmanın ürünü olarak da bakılabilir. Bu bağlamda “The Influence of
Anxiety” adlı kitabında Harold Bloom’un da kullandığı terimlerden yola
çıkarak söyleyecek olursak, öncü şair-selefi Ahmet Haşim’in etkisinde şi-
ire başlamış, ancak kendi kimliğini ispat edebilmek adına onu reddetmiş,
yepyeni bir şiir örneği vermiştir. Bununla birlikte halef şair olarak selefinin
izlerinin zaman zaman ortaya çıkmasına engel olamamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Selef Şair, Halef Şair, gelenek, ret, kimlik.
ABSTARCT
Orhan Veli Against Ahmet Haşim
Orhan Veli Kanık is the Pioneer and the most important poet of the new
era called First Modern or Bizzare Poetry (Garip Şiiri) reflecting an im-
portant refracting and changing in the history of Turkish poetry. He started
writing his early poems under the influence of the modern poets such as
Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Ahmet Haşim, Ahmet Muhip Dranas, Ahmet Hamdi
Tanpınar and Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, but later he changed his idea and
understanding of art and poetry of those poets whom he considered as
the representative of the tardition (classical poetry). The pomes written
by Kanık was called “garip” (bizzare) during that time by other poets. In
* Dr. Özlem Nemutlu, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, Yeni
Türk Edebiyatı Ana Bilim Dal
1092
our opinion, while he was writing his new peoms rejecting the old or clas-
sic poems of Yahya Kemal and others, he took into consideration Ahmet
Haşim’s understanding of poetry. In a way, we can consider Orhan Veli’s
poems as the result or product of the reckoning with Ahmet Haşim’s poems.
In this context, Harold Blooms’ concepts taking place in “The Influence of
Anxiety” can be used for the explanation of the Orhan Veli’s place against
Haşim. When we apply Blooms’s terminology into Orhan Veli’s poems,
we can see that Orhan Veli started writing poetry under the influnece of
his Pioneer/ initiator poet Ahmet Haşim, but later in order for him to proof
his identity and personality in Turkish poetry, he has rejected his initiator,
Haşim and his understandingi of poetry, and brought about a new and ori-
ginal poetry samples. Together with this rejectoin, he as a follower poet
was not be able to escape from the emanation of influence of his Pioneer/
initiator poet Haşim from time to time, too.
Key Words: Precursor Poet, Later Poet, tradition, rejection, identity.
-----
Orhan Veli, Türk şiir tarihinde büyük bir kırılmanın ve köklü bir deği-
şikliğin ifadesi olan Garip akımının Oktay Rifat ve Melih Cevdet’le birlik-
te üç temsilcisinden biri ve en ateşli savunucusudur. Bundan dolayıdır ki,
akımın poetikası niteliğinde olan Garip önsözünü yazan Orhan Veli olur.
Sanatçı, gerek söz konusu önsözü yazarken gerekse benimsedikleri şiir
görüşüne uygun “garip” tarzdaki şiirleri kaleme alırken, eser verdikleri dö-
neme hâkim olan ve bir nevi aşılmaz kurallarla âdeta statükolaşan edebiyat
geleneğini yıkmak istiyordu. Orhan Veli ve arkadaşlarının ilk edebî ürün-
lerini vermeye başladıkları sıralarda Türk şiirinde başta hececiler olmak
üzere, Fransız sembolistleri ve parnesyenlerin izinde aruz vezniyle imajist
şiirler yazan Ahmet Haşim, Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar,
Ahmet Muhip Dranas, Necip Fazıl Kısakürek gibi isimlerin oldukça etkili
olduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu isimlerin yanı sıra kendine özgü bir tarzda aruz
vezniyle yazan Âkif’i, eski şöhretlerini yitirmekle birlikte hâla yazmaya
devam eden Cenap’ı ve Hâmit’i de sayabiliriz. Burada putları kırmak üze-
re yola çıkan Nazım Hikmet ve Ercümend Behzad’ın farklı yollarla ede-
biyat tarihimizde vezinsiz şiir yazma geleneğini başlatmak suretiyle Garip
akımının doğuşunu hazırladıklarını da hatırlatmalıyız1. Ancak bütün bu
isimler ve onların temsil ettikleri eğilimler içerisinde devrin edebiyat dün-
yasında belirleyici olan Hececiler ile Ahmet Haşim ve Yahya Kemal’dir.
1
Bu konuda bkz. İnci Enginün, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Edebiyatı, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2001, (Enginün,
Garip hareketinden önce şiirimizde hüküm süren şahsiyetleri ve anlayışları “Eskiler”, “Memleket Edebiyatı” ve
“Öz Şiir” başlıkları altında ele alır. ss. 24-76) Hakan Sazyek, Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türk Şiirinde Garip Hare-
keti, İş Bankası Yayınları, Ankara 1999, 430 s, Asım Bezirci, Orhan Kanık, Eti Yayınevi, İstanbul 1967, 79 s.
1093
şiirini, kendinden önce hiç yazılmamış orijinal şiiri yazmaya mahkûm olan
denemesinde tecessüm ettirmekten yine de kendini alıkoyamaz7. Bir başka
ifadeyle Terry Eagleton’un da belirttiği gibi, bir şair, kendisini kısırlaştıran
öncü güçlü şairin şiiriyle mücadeleye girer ve onu yeniden yazmaya ve
yorumlamaya çalışmak suretiyle kendini ispatlamaya çalışır8. Bloom, “ge-
ciken şair”in, “öncü veya selef” şairin şiirini altı şekilde bozup değiştire-
bileceğini belirttikten ve bu “bozup değiştirme” süreçlerinin söz sanatları
ve Freud’un savunma mekanizmaları arasındaki ilişkiye değindikten son-
ra söz konusu mekanizmalarla Kabalistlerin İbrani İncili’nin yorumunda
kullandıkları araçlar arasında bir benzerlik bulmuştur. Bloom, “Clinamen,
Tessera, Kenosis, Demonisierung, Askesis, Apophrades”9 terimleriyle ad-
landırdığı altı çeşit tahriften bahseder. Adı geçen savunma ve tahrif meka-
nizmaları, bir nevi kendinden önceki Hececilerle ve konumuzla ilgi olması
açısından en yoğun olarak Ahmet Haşim’in şiiriyle hesaplaşmaya giren
Orhan Veli’nin şiirinde de –bütün aşamaları ve türleriyle olmasa da– karşı-
mıza çıkmaktadır. Orhan Veli, bilhassa Ahmet Haşim karşısında kendisini
“gecikmiş” bir şair olarak görmektedir. Haşim, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar,
Ahmet Muhip Dranas, Necip Fazıl Kısakürek gibi önde gelen şairlerin,
Atatürk devrinin eleştiri otoritesi olarak kabul edilen Nurullah Ataç’ın da
büyük beğeni ve hayranlığını toplayan bir şairdir. Orhan Veli, devrin bir-
çok şairini etkileyen Haşim’le hem düz yazılarında –bunlara Garip önsö-
zünü de ilave edebiliriz- hem de şiirlerinde zaman zaman tavrını gizlemek-
le birlikte bir hesaplaşmaya girer. Bu bağlamda Orhan Veli’nin Haşim’in
şiirini aşma sürecini:
I. Şiirlerinde,
II. Düz yazılarında olmak üzere iki temel başlık altında ele alabiliriz.
Söz konusu sürecin nasıl tezahür ettiğini görmek için öncelikle şiirleri-
ne bakalım. Hakan Sazyek, Garip şairlerinin bilinen edebî mekteplerin ve
toplulukların aksine önce poetika ile değil de eserle, şiirle rakiplerinin kar-
şısına çıkmalarını, oldukça anlamlı bulur ve bu tavrı, mevcut şiir anlayışını
7
Harold Bloom, 1973’te yayımlanan ‘The Influence of Anxiety’ adlı kitabıyla söz konusu bakış açısının ede-
biyat tarihlerinin yazımında da etkili olacağını iddia etmektedir. Bkz. Terry Eagleton, Edebiyat Kuramı, Çev.:
Esen Tarım, Ayrıntı Yay., İstanbul 1990, s. 204.
8
Bkz. ag.e., s. 204.
9
Bunlar sırasıyla, “Clinamen, temel aykırılık, öncü, selef şairin şiirini kötü okuma, onun yönelmediği noktaya
yönelme, hedef değiştirme; Tessera, önceki şiiri tamamlama ya da onu farklı tez oluşturacak şekilde kullanmak;
Kenosis, öncü şairin şiirini değersizleştirmek için onunla bütün bağlantıları kesiyor gözükme; Demonisierung,
öncü şairin şahsında, bütün edebiyat tarihini de içine alan bir anti melek kurgusu, şeytanîleştirme, böylece
ondaki üstün olarak kabul edilen nitelikleri bütün edebiyat tarihine mal ederek öncü şairin değerini düşürme;
Askesis, geleneksel vecde gelme tekniklerini sınırlandırma, öncü şairin şiirinde eksiklikler bulma; Apophrades
de ne yapılırsa yapılsın eserde öncü şairin etkisinin tamamen yok edilemeyeceği, tıpkı eski Atina inanışlarında
rastladığımız ölülerin ruhlarının belli günlerde evlerine dönmesi gibi öncü şairin halefin şiirinde varlığını bir
şekilde göstereceği anlamlarına gelmektedir. Bu son süreçte geciken şair, kendi kimliğini de bir bakıma bulmuş
olur. Çıraklık bitmiştir. Söz konusu tahrif mekanizmaları için bkz. (Almanca) www. Wikipedia.org.
1095
yıkmak için somut bir eserle çıkarak daha etkili olma, geleneksel tutumu
benimseyenlerce eleştirilmekten kaçınma ve bir edebî hareket, bir okul
olarak başlama amacını taşımama gibi sebeplere bağlar10. Gerçi durağan-
lığa ve kuralcılığa dayanan mektep anlayışını ve kendilerinin bir mektep
olarak görülmesini, sosyal hayatta olduğu gibi şiirde de sürekli gelişmeyi
ve değişmeyi benimseyen Garipçiler kabul etmeyeceklerdir. Ancak onla-
KARADENİZ ARAŞTIRMALARI<br />
BALKAN, KAFKAS, DOĞU AVRUPA VE ANADOLU İNCELEMELERİ DERGİSİ<br />
K a r a M<br />
KIŞ 2011 · Sayı 28
DANIŞMA KURULU / ADVISORY BOARD *<br />
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Dergimizi t<strong>ara</strong>yan veritabanları /Scannedby Databases<br />
CEEOL, DOAJ, EBSCO, IndexCopernicus, Index Islamicus, MLA<br />
International Bibliography, International MedievalBibliography,<br />
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*Soyadına göre alfabetik sıralama yapılmıştır.
K<strong>ara</strong>deniz Araştırmaları<br />
Journal of theBlack SeaStudies<br />
K<strong>ara</strong>M Yayınıdır<br />
Cilt/Volume 7 Sayı/Number 28Kış/Winter<br />
2011 ISSN 1304‐6918<br />
Sahibi ve Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü<br />
OwnerandManaging Editor<br />
Doç. Dr. Bilgehan A. Gökdağ<br />
Editör /Editor in Chief<br />
Dr. Yahya Kemal Taştan<br />
Yayın Danışmanı / Editorial Advisor<br />
Doç. Dr. Osman K<strong>ara</strong>tay<br />
Yayın Kurulu/ Editorial Board<br />
Prof. Dr. Haydar Çakmak (Gazi Üni.)<br />
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Prof. Dr. A. BicanErcilasun (Gazi Üni.)<br />
Prof. Dr. Peter Golden (RutgersUni.)<br />
Prof. Dr. Saadettin Gömeç (Ank<strong>ara</strong> Üni.)<br />
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Dr. YuriKochubey (UkrainianNational<br />
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Prof. Dr. Dan D. Y. Shapira<br />
(Bar‐IlanUniversity)<br />
Prof. Dr. UliSchamiloglu (Uni. of Wisconsin)<br />
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Dr. Tuğrul Veli (Avrasya Demokrasi Der.)<br />
Sekreterya / Secretariat<br />
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Mithat Paşa Cad. Kıvanç Apt. Nu: 54/18<br />
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e‐posta: k<strong>ara</strong>deniz<strong>ara</strong>[email protected]<br />
Yayın Türü /Types of Periodicals<br />
3 aylık, yerel süreli / quarterly,<br />
localperiodical<br />
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Basım Yeri ve Tarihi/<br />
IssueLocationandDate<br />
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İçindekiler / Contents<br />
1 TurkishForeignPolicytowardtheBosnianWar<br />
(1992‐1995): A Constructivist Analysis<br />
Türkiye ve Bosna Savaşı (19921995): İnşaci<br />
Kuram Çerçevesinde Bir Analiz<br />
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
19 The Strategic Relevance of AGRI in<br />
Europe’sSouthernGasCorridor<br />
Avrupa’nın Güney Gaz Koridorunda AGRI’nin<br />
Stratejik Ayrıcalığı<br />
LászlóMarácz<br />
29 ХодИсторииВспятьНеОбратить<br />
Tarihin Akışı Geri Döndürülemez<br />
Константин Думаа<br />
51 XVI. Yüzyıl Anadolusunda Dış Göçler: Şarkiyan<br />
Migration in the 16th Century Anatolia:<br />
Şarkiyan<br />
Alpaslan Demir<br />
67 XVII. Yüzyıl Macar Millet Anlayışının İdeolojik<br />
İçeriği Açısından Bir Örnek: Kuruz Hareketi Ve<br />
Askeri Potansiyeli<br />
An Example for the Ideological Contents of the<br />
Hungarian National Idea in the 17thCentury<br />
Was the Kuruc Movement and Its Military Force<br />
Hüseyin Şevket Çağatay Çapraz<br />
85 Mazlumların Kuramcısı ve Stratejisti: Sultan<br />
Galiyev<br />
Theorist and Strategist of Underdogs: Sultan<br />
Galiyev<br />
Demirhan Fahri Erdem<br />
115 Yusuf Ziya Yozgadî ve Temaşâ‐yı Celâl‐i Hüdâ<br />
Adlı Eseri<br />
Yusuf Ziya Yozgadîand His WorkTemaşâyi<br />
Celâli Hüdâ<br />
Yunus Özger<br />
151 Sıkıntı Kavramı ve Bir Küçük Burjuvanın Gençlik<br />
Yılları Romanı<br />
Concept of BoredomandtheNovelYoungDays of a<br />
LittleBourgeois<br />
Oğuz Öcal<br />
Kitap Değerlendirme / BookReviews<br />
165 Robert Dankoff: Seyyahı Âlem Evliyâ Çelebi’nin<br />
Dünyaya Bakışı<br />
Yahya Kemal Taştan<br />
177 K<strong>ara</strong>deniz Araştırmaları Dergisi 7. Cilt Dizini<br />
Index of the Volume VII of "K<strong>ara</strong>deniz Araştırmaları"<br />
181 Yayın İlkeleri<br />
EditorialPrinciples
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THE BOSNIAN<br />
WAR (1992-‐1995): A CONSTRUCTIVIST ANALYSIS<br />
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun *<br />
Özet<br />
Bu çalışmada Türkiye'deki k<strong>ara</strong>r alıcıların Bosna Savaşı'na yönelik<br />
izledikleri dış politika analiz edilmektedir. Araştırma sorusu Türkiye'nin o<br />
dönemdeki mevcut iç ve dış sorunlarına karşın nasıl olup da aktif bir politika<br />
izleyebildiğidir. Bu çalışma yeni bir devlet kimliği <strong>ara</strong>yışı sürecinin bu<br />
politikada etkili olduğunu savunmaktadır.<br />
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Bosna, Balkanlar, dış politika, devlet kimliği<br />
Abstract<br />
The main aim of this essay is to examine the policy adopted by Turkish<br />
decision makers toward the Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995. The<br />
puzzling question is that why Turkey attempted to play an active role during<br />
the war in Bosnia in spite of its internal and external problems at the time. This<br />
study argues that the search for a new state identity in the post-‐Cold War era<br />
provided the key to understand Turkish foreign policy towards the Bosnian<br />
conflict. It is argued that by developing an active attitude toward the conflict,<br />
Ank<strong>ara</strong> was in fact trying to reformulate its former identity, which had been<br />
constructed during the Cold War. Turkey was trying to prove that it was still<br />
important for Western security in the new era. The study shows that the wars<br />
of Yugoslav dissolution witnessed many speeches of Turkish leaders declaring<br />
the greatness of the country. This dominant discourse was accompanied by an<br />
active foreign policy by the Turkish leaders. At the time Ank<strong>ara</strong> started many<br />
diplomatic initiatives to bring the Bosnian issue to the attention of the<br />
international community. This study argues that the discourse and foreign<br />
policy during the Bosnian War were caused by Turkish leaders’ desire to show<br />
Turkey’s still lasting geopolitical signifance to the world.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Keywords: Turkey,, Bosnia, Balkans, foreign policy, state identity.<br />
This article examines the policy adopted by Turkish decision makers<br />
toward the Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995. The puzzling question is<br />
why Turkey attempted to play an active role during the war in Bosnia in<br />
spite of its internal and external problems? This study argues that the<br />
search for a new state identity by the policy makers provides the key to<br />
* Doç. Dr., Başkent Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi ve Ulusl<strong>ara</strong>rası İlişkiler Bölümü Eskişehir Yolu<br />
20. km. Bağlıca 06810 Ank<strong>ara</strong>. [email protected].<br />
K<strong>ara</strong>deniz Araştırmaları • Kış 2011 • Sayı 28 • 1-‐18
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
understanding Turkish foreign policy toward the problems in former<br />
Yugoslavia. It is argued that by developing an active attitude toward the<br />
conflict, Ank<strong>ara</strong> was in fact trying to reformulate its former identity, which<br />
had been constructed during the Cold War. Turkey was trying to prove that<br />
it was still important for Western security in the new era. It was trying to<br />
project its new identity as a regional power, but it wanted to maintain its<br />
Western-‐oriented foreign policy as well. Its active policy in the Balkans can<br />
be attributed to its search for a reformulation of its former identity in<br />
accordance with new international circumstances.<br />
The article will, first, look at the position of Turkey in the new<br />
conditions of international politics in the post-‐Cold War era. Second it will<br />
examine the theoretical approach that is believed to be useful to<br />
understand its foreign policy toward the Bosnian case. Third it will consider<br />
Ank<strong>ara</strong>’s approach toward the outbreak of the violence in Yugoslav<br />
territories, mainly in Slovenia and Croatia. Fourth its attitude during the<br />
Bosnian War that was the longest lasting and the bloodiest conflict in<br />
Europe after the Second World War will be analysed. Fifth and last the main<br />
findings of the research will be summarized.<br />
TURKEY IN THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER<br />
The collapse of the Cold War led to a new perception of Turkey in the West;<br />
Turkey, which had considered herself an insep<strong>ara</strong>ble part of the West<br />
during the Cold War, found itself in the position of an “awkward partner”. 1<br />
The basic question was what kind of role Turkey would play in the new<br />
conditions of global politics. Would Turkey continue to be a part of the<br />
Western alliance or turn its face to the newly independent Turkic republics?<br />
However the Gulf crisis which erupted in 1990 and resulted in US-‐led war<br />
against Iraq changed the US perception of Turkey. 2 Due to the irredentist<br />
policy of Saddam Hussein Washington realized that Turkey’s regional role<br />
was still important for US national interests in the Middle East. The book<br />
entitled Turkey’s New Geopolitics from the Balkans to Western China 3<br />
published by the RAND Corporation, one of the most influential think tanks<br />
in the US, emphasized increasing role of Turkey. It was argued that Turkey<br />
1 Erik Cornell, Turkey in the 21st Century, Opportunities, Challenges, Threats (Britain: Curzon,<br />
2001), p. 3.<br />
2 For a discussion of the effect of the Gulf War on the US perception of Turkey please see<br />
Faruk Sönmezoğlu, ‘Dünya ve Türkiye’, in F. Sönmezoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi<br />
(İstanbul: Der, 2004), p. 997.<br />
3 Graham E. Fuller et. al., Turkey’s New Geopolitics from the Balkans to Western China (Boulder:<br />
Westview Press, 1993).<br />
2
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
become a regional power and the changes ensuing from the dissolution of<br />
the Soviet Union made Turkey a critical power. 4<br />
Philip Robins, meanwhile, maintained that Turkey’s strategic role in<br />
the new era decreased and increased at the same time. Though it lost the<br />
role that it had played during the Cold War, it became a regional player in<br />
the 1990s by pursuing an active foreign policy in its neighborhood. 5 Robins<br />
argued that the US recognized the increasing importance of Turkey<br />
whereas Europe did not. It was also becoming clear that Turkey did not<br />
share the euphoria of Western countries about the Soviet dissolution.<br />
Turkey had difficulty adapting itself to the new norms on issues like human<br />
rights increasingly emphasized by the West.<br />
Another argument with regard to Turkey’s position in the new<br />
international system was concerned with whether Turkey was a security<br />
producing country or security consuming country. 6 Especially the member<br />
states of the European Union were of the opinion that Turkey was mostly a<br />
security consuming country leading to the commonly held belief that it did<br />
not deserve to be taken into the Union.<br />
In sum, while some observers maintained that Turkey became an<br />
important regional power in the new era by allying itself with the US, the<br />
sole superpower in the post-‐Cold War period, others suggested that<br />
Turkey’s global position was harmed by the end of the perceived Soviet<br />
threat. A main hypothesis of this study is that the new status of Turkey in<br />
world politics is rather different from its former role. Because Turkey was<br />
no longer a neighbor to one of the superpowers, the geostrategic<br />
importance of Turkey changed. This could best be observed in the changing<br />
Turkish perception of the European Union that concentrated all its energy<br />
in enlarging toward the Central and East European countries but excluding<br />
Turkey.<br />
Further, the transformation of external global dynamics was coupled<br />
with internal crises in Turkey as two important problems emerged which<br />
challenged the state identity of Turkey: Kurdish nationalism and religious<br />
fundamentalism. The PKK began its violent attacks in southeastern Turkey<br />
in 1984. Following the Gulf War, it also benefited from the authority<br />
vacuum in northern Iraq. After 1990, it increased its attacks against Turkish<br />
security officials, as well as Kurdish civilians who were accused of being “on<br />
the side of the Turkish state”. The first half of the 1990s saw the peak of<br />
PKK activities. During the same period the state identity of Turkey was<br />
4 For another evaluation of Turkey’s regional power role please see I. O. Lesser, ‘Turkey’s<br />
Strategic Options’, The International Spectator, Vol. 34 (1999), p. 87.<br />
5 Philip Robins, Suits and Uniforms, Turkish Foreign Policy Since the Cold War (Seattle:<br />
University of Washington Press, 2003), p. 12.<br />
6 Ali L. K<strong>ara</strong>osmanoğlu, ‘Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Kimliği Açısından Türkiye-‐Avrupa<br />
Birliği İlişkileri’, Doğu Batı, Vol. 4 (2001), p. 161.<br />
3
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
challenged by another trend as well: religious fundamentalism<br />
ch<strong>ara</strong>cterized especially by an increasing number of votes for the Welfare<br />
Party under the leadership of Necmettin Erbakan. Political Islam has been<br />
one of the main concerns of the Turkish political elite since the foundation<br />
of the Republic in 1923. The fact that the Welfare Party increased its share<br />
of votes at every election since 1984 local elections led to increasing<br />
apprehension 7 and the issue of political Islam (irtica) became more acute.<br />
In that context, it was not surprising that in the National Political Document<br />
of 1992 increasing political Islam was evaluated as “a serious danger” since<br />
it was seen as a threat to the secular system of the country 8 In brief, it was<br />
not only external challenges that Turkey had to face, but also serious<br />
internal problems, like Kurdish nationalism and political Islam.<br />
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK<br />
As states interact with each other they gain an identity for themselves and<br />
also attach an identity to the others. Certainly the international aspect of<br />
state identity is only one part of the whole picture: there are also domestic<br />
factors defining what kind of entity a state would become. When one<br />
compares the relative weight of domestic and international factors for<br />
determination of state identity, for Wendt, state identity is to a great extent<br />
established by the international system. 9 But the important thing at this<br />
point is the significance of the concept of “state identity” for international<br />
politics. First a definition of the concept is needed: state identity consists of<br />
“a set of beliefs about nature and purpose of state expressed in public<br />
articulations of state actions and ideals”. 10 It is basically about the definition<br />
of a state’s rights, obligations and responsibilities and also of the meaning<br />
attributed to other actors. In a way it is about setting boundaries between<br />
oneself and others: 11 Who are you relative to others? And who are they<br />
relative to yourself and themselves?<br />
States have in fact two kinds of identities: internal and external. While<br />
internal identity refers to the set of understandings within the boundaries<br />
7 Heinz Kramer, A Changing Turkey, The Challenge to Europe and the United States<br />
(Washington, D. C.: Brookings, 2000), p. 55; İhsan D. Dağı, ‘Transformation of Islamic Political<br />
Identity in Turkey: Rethinking the West and the Westernization’, Turkish Studies, Vol. 6<br />
(2005), p. 25.<br />
8 Gencer Özcan, ‘Doksanlarda Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politikasında Askeri Yapının<br />
Artan Etkisi’, in G. Özcan and Ş. Kut (eds.), En Uzun On Yıl, Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış<br />
Politika Gündeminde Doksanlı Yıllar (İstanbul: Büke, 2000), p. 76.<br />
9 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University<br />
Press, 1999), p. 20-‐21.<br />
10 Marc Lynch, ‘Abandoning Iraq: Jordan’s Alliances and the Politics of State Identity’, Security<br />
Studies, Vol. 8 (Winter 1998-‐1999, Spring 1999), p. 349.<br />
11 Glenn Chafetz, Michael Spirtas, and Benjamin Frankel, ‘Introduction: Tracing the Influence<br />
of Identity on Foreign Policy’, Security Studies, Vol. 8 (Winter 1998-‐1999, Spring 1999), p. VIII.<br />
4
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
of that state among its constituent parts, external identity stands for a<br />
state’s place among others in international politics. 12 The former can also<br />
be labelled as national identity. It is the latter concept that will basically be<br />
used in this study. Therefore, whenever state identity is mentioned, what is<br />
in fact meant is the external identity. There is an important relationship<br />
between state identity and foreign policy: 13 one of the significant ways for<br />
states to acquire a new identity or protect the previous one is through<br />
foreign policy. Their interactions with other states are a way of getting<br />
themselves accepted as part of a certain international community and being<br />
respected. Especially during the process of identity formulation or<br />
reformulation, foreign policy is a key instrument for decision makers to<br />
realize their goals. The constructivist approach is therefore expected to<br />
have more explaining power during the periods of new identity creation. 14<br />
The Turkish state played the primary role in the articulation of its<br />
interests and formulation of foreign policy during the Balkan wars of the<br />
1990s. In order to understand what kind of goals it pursued, we first have<br />
to look at its state identity, i.e. how the political leadership perceived rights,<br />
obligations and responsibilities of its own country and other countries in<br />
world politics? In the case of Turkey, political leaders since Atatürk have<br />
seen Turkey’s place as in the Western world. Atatürk’s radical reforms were<br />
all based on the Western model. The foreign policy of modern Turkey can<br />
be understood as a process of developing ever increasing and closer<br />
relations with the West and as an attempt to be recognized as part of them.<br />
Turkey was also a member of the Western bloc during the bipolar era and<br />
contributed to the defence of the West against the perceived threat from the<br />
Soviet Union.<br />
Since the wars in the former Yugoslav territories occurred at the very<br />
time when Turkish state identity was questioned, constructivism can be<br />
used as a theoretical framework in order to understand whether it would<br />
provide us with a better tool to make sense of Turkish foreign policy.<br />
During this formative or reformative period, Turkey was expected to use its<br />
foreign policy to perpetuate the external identities that it had acquired<br />
during the bipolar world order.<br />
How can one analyse whether the identity of Turkey played an<br />
important role in its foreign policy? As constructivist theory argues, this can<br />
be best demonstrated during the formative or reformative period of that<br />
particular identity. Since the 1990s brought intense identity challenges to<br />
12 Paul A. Kowert, ‘National Identity: Inside and Out’, Security Studies, Vol. 8 (Winter 1998-‐<br />
1999, Spring 1999), p. 4.<br />
13 David Campbell, Writing Security United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity<br />
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), p. 76.<br />
14 J. T. Checkel, ‘The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory’, World Politics, Vol.<br />
50 (1998), p. 346.<br />
5
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
Ank<strong>ara</strong>, our case study provides us with an important test for constructivist<br />
theory. In order to decide whether state identity was effective in<br />
formulating foreign policy, we should examine the following questions: Was<br />
there any particular kind of identity that policy makers repeatedly stressed<br />
upon in explaining their country’s place in the world? Was the foreign<br />
policy behavior in accordance with the discourse that was emphasized? Did<br />
the attitude comply with the state identity? Did any behaviour or discourse<br />
in opposition to the claimed state identity lead to criticism within state? 15 If<br />
it can be observed that there has been a dominant discourse on a certain<br />
state identity, that Turkey acted in compliance with it, and that any<br />
incompliance was faced with criticism, then we can argue for the validity of<br />
constructivist thought in our case study.<br />
TURKEY AND THE WAR IN BOSNIA<br />
In fact the emerging conflict in Bosnia did not seem to have a direct impact<br />
upon Turkish security considerations in the short or medium term.<br />
Geographically, Bosnia was not in the close neighborhood of Turkey and<br />
despite all speculations that war in the Balkans would lead to a Turkish-‐<br />
Greek war, in a realistic perspective, it did not seem probable that the<br />
conflict would spread to Turkey in the foreseeable future. Philip Robins<br />
argues that in fact it was because of identity and “soft politics” that Turkey<br />
became interested in Bosnia 16 In that context, it can be stated that Turkish<br />
decision makers did not want the conflict in Bosnia to be perceived as a war<br />
between Islam and Christianity. They were also concerned that if the<br />
conflict last too long, Turkish public opinions’ view about Europe can<br />
increasingly be negative. Moreover, the possibility of a new migration flow<br />
to Turkey created apprehension on the part of the policy makers. In other<br />
words, Turkey was interested in the Bosnian conflict not necessariy<br />
because of “hard security” issues, but mostly because of “soft security”<br />
issues including identity and migration.<br />
One of the international platforms that Turkey considered as<br />
important to bring the suffering of the Bosnians to the agenda was the<br />
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). A common approach among<br />
the countries whose populations consist mostly of Muslims toward the<br />
Bosnian problem would attract the attention of international organizations<br />
like the UN and get them to take more assertive actions. When the Bosnian<br />
war started, Turkey was the term president of the OIC. Thus, it used this<br />
opportunity to call an extraordinary meeting of foreign ministers in<br />
15 Thomas Banchoff, ‘German Identity and European Integration’, European Journal of<br />
International Relations, Vol. 5 (1999), p. 277.<br />
16 Robins, Suits and Uniforms, pp. 344-‐345.<br />
6
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
İstanbul. The meeting of foreign ministers from 15 OIC member countries<br />
was held in İstanbul on 17-‐18 June 1992 in which the UN was called on to<br />
take all necessary measures, including military, against Serbs. That was in<br />
fact the position Turkey was already supporting. The Turkish initiative of<br />
convening an extraordinary meeting of the OIC was important because it<br />
transmitted to the world how the countries with Muslim populations<br />
perceived the Bosnian war. Via that meeting, the OIC gained an important<br />
function and could, hence, revitalize its role after a long period. 17<br />
Turkey launched another initiative on Bosnia in August 1992 that<br />
included both diplomatic and military measures. Turkey presented the<br />
“Action Plan” to the permanent representatives of the UNSC and asked them<br />
to implement the measures. The diplomatic part of the plan consisted of the<br />
following proposals: a) Serbian militants should give up their weapons and<br />
hand over their heavy weaponry to the UN personnel within 48 hours. b)<br />
UN officials should be given the right to enter Serbian prisons and take<br />
control over them. c) The UNSC should request Serbia to stop giving aid to<br />
Serbian militias. d) Serbian militias guilty of committing massacres should<br />
be tried in international courts.<br />
The second part of the plan comprised military precautions in which<br />
Turkey proposed to the UNSC members that if the diplomatic measures<br />
were not accepted by the Serbian side or if the measures failed to achieve<br />
the planned aims, then selected Serbian military targets should be bombed<br />
from the air. Foreign Minister Çetin emphasized that the most important<br />
part of the Action Plan was its military part: If other measures did not stop<br />
the Serbian aggression, then a military intervention would be conducted.<br />
Turkey’s Action Plan was one of the most important proposals for putting<br />
an end to the violence in Bosnia in the early phase of the war. 18<br />
From the end of May 1992 onward, Turkey adopted a new attitude<br />
concerning any military intervention in Bosnia. Since there was no sign of<br />
ending the war or reducing its extent, and since the international<br />
community did not show a definite will to deter the aggressor either,<br />
Turkey decided to back an international military operation against Serbian<br />
targets. The intervention should take place within the framework of an<br />
international organization, most probably the UNSC. However, the<br />
government in Ank<strong>ara</strong> emphasized its opposition to any unilateral move<br />
that would not solve the problem. In this way the government distanced<br />
itself clearly from Özal’s attitude.<br />
In the meantime, Turkey was supporting the diplomatic initiatives of<br />
the EC to provide a peaceful solution to the Bosnian conflict. Turkey was<br />
17 Concerning İstanbul meeting of the OIC see Soysal and Kut, Dağılan Yugoslavya, p. 23<br />
18 Şule Kut, ‘Yugoslavya Bunalımı ve Türkiye’nin Bosna-‐Hersek ve Makedonya Politikası:<br />
1990-‐1993’, in Sönmezoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, p. 330.<br />
7
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
invited to the London Conference that was held on 26-‐27 August 1992.<br />
Although Turkey was neither one of the parties to the conflict nor a<br />
member of the EC, it was asked to take part in the conference. In Turkey the<br />
invitation was considered as an important indication of its increasing<br />
importance in the region, its active foreign policy, and its increasing<br />
economic and political weight. It was also a result of the role Turkey played<br />
in the framework of the OIC. In other words, as long as Turkey launched its<br />
own initiatives and developed an assertive policy, it was gaining<br />
importance in the European framework. Its improving status in Balkan<br />
affairs and impact upon the regional actors and Islamic countries made<br />
Europe understand how important and powerful Turkey was. On the other<br />
hand, one should keep in mind that at the time when Turkey was trying to<br />
deal with this heavy foreign policy agenda, it had to continue its struggle<br />
against the PKK as well. Turkey, which tried to keep its security against<br />
increasing PKK attacks and resurfacing Kurdish nationalism in its internal<br />
politics, had to keep its attention on the violent conflict in the Balkans. In<br />
spite of that, from the very beginning of the Bosnian War it tried to follow<br />
an active foreign policy. One of the important reasons behind this assertive<br />
foreign policy was the country’s aim to maintain its Western state identity.<br />
Turkish decisionmakers firmly believed that Ank<strong>ara</strong> was still important for<br />
European security and it could prove its importance to the international<br />
community through its policies during the Bosnian War. As Turkey took<br />
new initiatives and supported heavy-‐handed measures, the West seemed to<br />
understand that Ank<strong>ara</strong>’s role was inevitable in the solution of the conflict<br />
on the European continent. In other words, Turkey’s Western-‐oriented<br />
state identity influenced its formulation of national interest and foreign<br />
policy attitudes. Despite all its internal problems Turkey tried to propose<br />
new initiatives for the solution of the conflict in order to maintain its former<br />
identity.<br />
Another important initiative of Turkey on the Bosnian issue was the<br />
convening of a Balkan Conference in İstanbul on 25 November 1992. As the<br />
violence was going on in Bosnia without any sign of reaching a ceasefire or<br />
an agreement among the parties, there was the growing fear that the<br />
conflict would spread to other regions in the Balkans, especially to Kosovo<br />
and Macedonia. Çetin pointed out that there was a serious danger of the<br />
outbreak of a Balkan war soon and that this was the greatest problem the<br />
world was faced with. Turkey had two fundamental aims in gathering a<br />
regional conference: a) to emphasize once again the necessity of military<br />
intervention, b) to attract attention to the possibility of the war spreading.<br />
The Turkish Foreign Minister emphasized that Turkey decided to take<br />
8
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
initiative without waiting for the world to find a solution. 19 Regional<br />
countries and some neighboring states took part in the conference:<br />
Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Austria, Italy, Hungary, and<br />
Romania. The Balkan Conference could be considered as an important<br />
diplomatic initiative of Turkey which aimed to get the international<br />
community to act more assertively to stop the violent incidents in the<br />
Balkans and prevent the beginning of a Balkan war. Turkey was both using<br />
its contacts within the OIC and trying to play a regional leadership role in<br />
order to assert more influence in the international arena.<br />
When it became evident that the international actors did not intend to<br />
conduct a military operation against Serbs in the short-‐term for a variety of<br />
reasons, Turkish leaders decided to start a new initiative to stop the arms<br />
embargo against Bosniaks. They argued that an embargo against the whole<br />
Yugoslavia was in fact harming the Bosniak side since Serbia already had<br />
enough stocks of weaponry and ammunition and was in a position to send<br />
them to the Bosnian Serbs. Serbia could also break the embargo and get<br />
new weapons from other countries. Turkey concentrated its efforts on the<br />
US administration, Islamic countries, and international organizations to lift<br />
the arms embargo against the Bosnian Muslims. Foreign Minister Çetin<br />
argued that the arms embargo led to a situation in which it became<br />
impossible for the Bosniaks to defend themselves; thus the lifting of the<br />
embargo was a moral necessity for the world. At the OIC Summit held in<br />
K<strong>ara</strong>chi in April 1993, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,<br />
and Malaysia put forward a joint proposal for lifting the embargo against<br />
Bosnia-‐Hercegovina. The proposal was accepted unanimously at the<br />
Summit, in which the OIC member countries called upon the UNSC to take<br />
all necessary measures, including military ones, as soon as possible.<br />
An important question in this regard is whether Turkey sent any<br />
weapons to Bosnia violating the embargo. Accordimg to Turkish press<br />
reports when Turkish journalists asked Foreign Minister Çetin whether<br />
there would be any weapons transfer from Turkey, the Minister remained<br />
silent. However, the former Turkish Chief of Staff Doğan Güreş made public<br />
in late 1994 that during his term there were secret weapons deliveries to<br />
Bosnia. However 90 % of these weapons were seized by Croatia. 20<br />
Remembering that Turkey traditionally tries to maintain its cautious<br />
attitude toward any regional conflict, one should state that sending<br />
weapons to the Bosniak side was a good example of how Turkey deviated<br />
from its traditional foreign policy.<br />
19 The original text of Hikmet Çetin’s statement is the following: “Türkiye dünyadan medet<br />
ummadan inisiyatif almaya k<strong>ara</strong>r vermiştir.” Quoted in Selin Çağlayan, ‘Ank<strong>ara</strong>’nın kâbusu:<br />
Balkan Savaşı…’, Hürriyet, 23 November 1992.<br />
20 ‘Bosna’ya silah gönderdik’, Hürriyet, 4 December 1994.<br />
9
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
As the violence between Bosniaks and Croats started in 1993, Turkey<br />
proved itself to be one of the few countries in which both warring sides had<br />
trust. Turkish mediation between the two sides was welcomed. 21 and even<br />
both Bosniak and Croatian leadership asked for it. In their press meeting<br />
Bosniaks and Croats pointed out that whenever their negotiations were<br />
stuck, they applied to the mediation of Foreign Minister Çetin, and only with<br />
his initiatives could the bilateral talks go on. Both sides expressed their<br />
appreciation of Turkey’s role. Çetin also visited S<strong>ara</strong>jevo twice in order to<br />
attend the Bosniak-‐Croat negotiations. By maintaining contact and friendly<br />
relations with the Croat side as well, Turkey might also have attempted to<br />
distance itself from the image of protectors of only the Muslims.<br />
Turkey’s relations with the Bosnian Croat side and the Croatian<br />
leadership were also one of the highlights of the visit of Turkish Prime<br />
Minister Tansu Çiller and her Pakistani counterpart, Benazir Butto, to<br />
S<strong>ara</strong>jevo and Zagreb in February 1994. The two leaders’ visit to Bosnia-‐<br />
Hercegovina was important in several respects. It was the first high level<br />
visit after that of French President Francois Mitterrand. Moreover, as<br />
Western-‐oriented female leaders, their visit attracted the attention of the<br />
world media, thus increasing the international public awareness of the<br />
suffering in the region. Çiller and Butto made public the Decl<strong>ara</strong>tion of<br />
S<strong>ara</strong>jevo, in which they stated the aim of their visit as “humanitarian”, urged<br />
the whole world to help stop the destruction of Bosnia, and requested the<br />
UNSC to implement all its resolutions. They also pointed out that the<br />
“unfair” weapons embargo should be ended. In Zagreb, Çiller met Croatian<br />
leader Tudjman, who asked her to host a summit between Croats and<br />
Bosniaks and convince Izetbegociv to attend. This was also a sign of how<br />
Croatia perceived Turkey as a bridge to get into contact with the Bosniak<br />
leadership.<br />
As a result of its mediating role between Bosnian Croats and<br />
Bosniaks Turkey’s contribution to the agreement on a ceasefire in February<br />
1994 and creation of a federation between them the following month could<br />
not be rejected. Turkey proved itself one of the peace brokers together with<br />
the Washington administration which also appreciated Turkey’s role by<br />
inviting it to the ceremony of the signing of the federation agreement.<br />
Invitation of Turkey could be considered as an indication of its weight in the<br />
region and how its role acquired importance during the Bosnian conflict. It<br />
also showed that the Western world was aware of Turkey’s position<br />
regarding the developments and the international community saw Turkey<br />
within “the Balkan equation”.<br />
21 İlhan Uzgel, ‘Doksanlarda Türkiye İçin Bir İşbirliği ve Rekabet Alanı Ol<strong>ara</strong>k Balkanlar’, in<br />
Gencer Özcan & Şule Kut, eds., En Uzun On Yıl (İstanbul: Boyut, 1998), p. 410-‐411.<br />
10
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
Moreover, it was not just the regional actors, but also the international<br />
actors that were seeking Turkish support in their attempt to find a peaceful<br />
solution. Lord Owen, a UN representative, and Thorwald Stoltenberg, who<br />
replaced Vance in May 1993 as EC mediator, paid an official visit to Turkey<br />
and asked Turkey to use its influence over the Bosniaks. Owen stated that<br />
the demands of Bosniaks for an outlet to the sea and more territory were<br />
right in essence, however for a stable peace the parties should come to an<br />
agreement. Turkish Foreign Minister Çetin stated that Turkey did not play a<br />
concrete mediation role; however, he would contact Izetbegovic as soon as<br />
possible to provide peace. He also added that Turkey would support<br />
Izetbegovic’s policy to the end.<br />
While trying to convince the international community to act more<br />
forcefully, Turkey also made sure that it was ready to take part in all<br />
military operations to provide peace and order in Bosnia. The UNSC<br />
accepted Resolution 816 allowing NATO planes to attack Serbian war<br />
planes that would try to violate the no-‐fly zone, and NATO aircraft began to<br />
implement the decision on April 12, 1993. As a response, Turkey expressed<br />
its readiness to join the NATO action. After NATO’s invitation, 18 Turkish F-‐<br />
16 planes were sent to the region to monitor the no-‐fly zone. NATO’s<br />
request for Turkey to send its aircraft was considered “a great success of<br />
Ank<strong>ara</strong>” and “a great source of prestige” in the Turkish press.<br />
Turkish Foreign Minister Çetin, who played a critical role in the<br />
formulation of Turkey’s Bosnian policy, resigned in July 1994. During his<br />
term he supported an active but multilateral policy toward the Bosnian<br />
dispute and did not pay any credit to those who were asking for unilateral<br />
military action from Turkey. Before leaving his job he stated the following:<br />
“Turkey was suddenly faced with many problems that all needed Turkey’s<br />
attention. Thanks to Turkey’s initiatives in several issues it was understood<br />
that Turkey was a great state whose opinions were respected.” On Bosnia<br />
he stated:<br />
Turkey did everything that was needed. I myself went to S<strong>ara</strong>jevo<br />
four times under fire. We sent a huge amount of humanitarian aid.<br />
Before the problem intensified, we launched an action plan in August<br />
1992. If that plan had been implemented, the problem would not have<br />
come to the point today. Although everybody stated that it was<br />
impossible, Turkey sent peacekeeping soldiers. 22<br />
Çetin’s remarks pointed out that in the post-‐Cold War era Turkey tried<br />
to find policies to the problems in its neighborhood. He also stressed that<br />
thanks to its initiatives, the international actors appreciated Turkey and its<br />
greatness. The statements of the Turkish Foreign Minister could be<br />
22 Barçın Yinanç, ‘Hiçbirşeyi daha kötü bırakmadım’, Milliyet, 30 July 1994. (Translated from<br />
Turkish by the author)<br />
11
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
regarded as a reaction to the claims that Turkey lost its former strategic<br />
importance. Therefore, Turkish attempts to provide solutions to the<br />
conflicts could be considered as a way of proving Turkey’s importance in<br />
the new era.<br />
In order to increase its support among both Turkish decision makers<br />
and the public, Bosniak leadership tried to emphasize their similarities with<br />
Turkey and the Turkish people. When Demirel wanted to visit S<strong>ara</strong>jevo in<br />
July 1994, for his stay Bosniaks prepared the house of an Ottoman Pasha,<br />
Topal Recep Pasha, who had served during the reign of Kanuni Sultan<br />
Süleyman. By that gesture, the common history between Turks and<br />
Bosniaks was emphasized and the Ottoman heritage in Bosnia was<br />
remembered. Furthermore, Bosniak leaders were trying to find similarities<br />
between their struggle and the Turkish War of Independence, thus<br />
attempting to get more support from Turkey. The Bosnian Ambassador to<br />
Turkey, Hayrettin Somun, pointed out that they would show the same<br />
heroism as the Turks had already shown in their War of Independence and<br />
win their independence by fighting.<br />
From the beginning of August 1995 onward the US intensified its<br />
efforts to find a solution to the Bosnian crisis. The Washington<br />
administration looked for Turkish support, especially in convincing the<br />
Bosnian side to agree to a peace deal. Since the US government was aware<br />
of the fact that Ank<strong>ara</strong> could exert its influence over the Bosnian leadership,<br />
it sought Turkey’s help in that regard. The National Security Advisor to the<br />
US President, Anthony Lake, visited Ank<strong>ara</strong> and informed the Turkish<br />
government about the new initiative of the US to find a solution to the<br />
Bosnian debacle.<br />
In September 1995 diplomatic traffic in Turkey concerning Bosnia was<br />
intensified by the visits of the US Vice Foreign Minister Richard Holbrooke,<br />
the Bosnian President Izetbegovic and Bosnian Foreign Minister<br />
Muhammet Sakirbey. In the trilateral talks in Ank<strong>ara</strong>, Holbrooke tried to<br />
make use of Turkish mediation to encourage the Bosnian side to be more<br />
flexible on the peace deal. Turkey repeated the importance of keeping<br />
Bosnia-‐Hercegovina’s territorial integrity, which was also accepted by<br />
Holbrooke. The US Vice Foreign Minister also stressed that any peace<br />
implementation would need Turkey’s participation and Turkey played a<br />
critical role in the Bosnian crisis. Lake’s and Holbrooke’s visits were an<br />
important sign of Washington’s acknowledgement of Turkey’s role in the<br />
Bosnian crisis. The US wanted to inform Turkey about a possible peace plan<br />
and also to use its influence over the Bosnian leadership.<br />
After a Serbian attack killed 37 people in a marketplace in S<strong>ara</strong>jevo,<br />
NATO launched its biggest military campaign against the Bosnian Serb<br />
forces, which was called Operation Deliberate Force. Although after the last<br />
attack of the Bosnian Serb militants Çiller repeated Turkey’s willingness to<br />
12
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
send troops to Bosnia in case the international community would launch a<br />
joint operation, Turkish aircraft did not take part in the military campaign;<br />
however, they provided air cover for the planes conducting the bombing.<br />
Turkey was pleased that the Western world at last came to the conclusion<br />
that the war in Bosnia could not be stopped without a military intervention.<br />
That point was consistently repeated by Turkish decision makers since the<br />
inception of the war. Turkish leaders declared that they supported the<br />
decision to attack Serbian targets. Prime Minister Çiller stated that this was<br />
simply “a good beginning” and declared her hope that “…this will establish a<br />
good basis for discussing the international community’s peace plan and<br />
take it in hand.” In addition, Foreign Minister İnönü pointed out that the<br />
military campaign was “a step in the right direction by the international<br />
community in fulfilling its undertakings to protect the civilian<br />
population.” 23<br />
The NATO operation was successful on the Serbian side and forced the<br />
Serbians to come to the negotiating table. Serbian leader Milosevic, Bosnian<br />
leader Izetbegovic and Croat leader Tudjman, as leaders of three groups,<br />
started negotiations under the mediation of the US administration in<br />
Dayton, Ohio on 1 November 1995. After two weeks they reached an<br />
agreement on a peace deal stipulating maintenance of the territorial<br />
integrity of Bosnia that would consist of a Bosnian-‐Croat federation and a<br />
Bosnian Serb entity. Turkey did not play a direct role in the negotiations<br />
which were, in fact, brokered by the US. After the conclusion of the<br />
agreement, President Demirel congratulated all three leaders. Turkish<br />
officials stated that the Dayton Peace Agreement was not a perfect one;<br />
however, “under the prevailing circumstances this was the best that<br />
historical opportunity provided.” 24<br />
THE TURKISH PERCEPTION OF THE WAR AND STATE IDENTITY<br />
In the Turkish view, what was happening in Bosnia was a reflection of the<br />
Serbian leadership’s aim of creating ‘Greater Serbia’. Turkey was of the<br />
opinion that Serbia was also trying to take revenge for the conquest of the<br />
Ottomans of that region by killing Bosnian Muslims whom they also called<br />
“Turks”. In fact, the Serbian leadership seemed to hate Bosniaks since they<br />
regarded them as the extension of Ottoman history. The fact that Bosniaks<br />
were, in fact, keeping Turkish culture alive increased that image in view of<br />
the nationalist Serb groups. During the conflict Serbian and Croatian attacks<br />
also damaged some of the buildings and infrastructure that had been<br />
constructed during the Ottoman Empire. One of the best known examples<br />
23 Semih D. İdiz, ‘Bosnia crisis reaches endgame’, Turkish Probe, 1 September 1995, p. 4.<br />
24 Semih D. İdiz, ‘Ank<strong>ara</strong> welcomes peace accord for Bosnia’, Turkish Probe, 24 November<br />
1995, pp. 7-‐8.<br />
13
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
was the destruction of the bridge in Mostar by the Bosnian Croat forces. In<br />
other words, for Turkey, the war also represented the erasing of the<br />
Ottoman culture in Europe. This was a war not only against Bosnian<br />
Muslims, but also against all Ottoman heritage. 25<br />
Turkish officials were also affected by the fact that Turkey was the only<br />
country that Bosniaks could ask for help. Turkey was the only source of<br />
help for them. Regardless of whether or not Turkey wanted it, they<br />
considered Turkey as their only would-‐be guardian that should provide<br />
protection for them. There was no other country to which they could turn.<br />
The Turkish Foreign Minister stated:<br />
During the Gulf War there were no people who waited for Turkey to<br />
come to their help and who saw Turkey as the only hope for their salvation.<br />
Events did not turn into a massacre. In Bosnia-‐Hercegovina people are<br />
sacrificing everything in order to migrate to Turkey. That was not the case<br />
in Iraq. In Bosnia-‐Hercegovina and Azerbaijan people had hope only from<br />
Turkey. They had millions of relatives in Turkey. They were doing their best<br />
to migrate to where those people were living. 26<br />
Turkish foreign policy during the Bosnian War could be called active<br />
and assertive, since Turkey launched many initiatives to get other countries<br />
and international organizations to act. Turkish attempts were concentrated<br />
on two sides: the Islamic world and the Western world. 27 Concerning<br />
Islamic countries, Turkey used the platform of the OIC by trying to bring all<br />
countries with Muslim populations to adopt the same attitude on the<br />
Bosnian conflict. The extraordinary summit of the OIC in İstanbul in June<br />
1992 was an important early initiative that led to the acceptance of a<br />
common point on the issue. The convening of the Balkan Conference and<br />
the diplomatic initiatives launched at the level of the CSCE, UN and NATO<br />
calling upon them to decide in favour of a military intervention were also<br />
significant activities of Turkey in its attempt to end the bloodshed. Turkey,<br />
in fact, was the only country that from the early phase of the war<br />
consistently insisted on the necessity of a military campaign against Serbian<br />
targets. Ank<strong>ara</strong> emphasized its opinion that only sanctions and diplomatic<br />
measures would not be enough to deter Serbs. The Turkish government<br />
also stated that it was ready to join an international intervention with its<br />
own troops. Some observers even compared the role of Turkey in the<br />
Bosnian crisis to that of the US during the Gulf conflict. In fact the use or<br />
threat of force was not a traditional instrument in Turkish foreign policy.<br />
25 For a detailed discussion of the impact of the Ottoman heritage on Turkey’s policy toward<br />
the Balkans please see Şaban H. Çalış, 2001. Hayaletbilimi ve Hayali Kimlikler, Neo-‐Osmanlılık,<br />
Özal ve Balkanlar. Konya: Çizgi.<br />
26 Nilüfer Yalçın, ‘Çetin: ‘Derhal uyacağız’ ’, Milliyet, 1 June 1992. (Translated from Turkish by<br />
the author)<br />
27 Hasan Ünal, ‘Bosnia II – a Turkish critique’, The World Today, Vol. 51 (1995), p. 128.<br />
14
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
Turkey has always been cautious toward the use of force except in some<br />
rare circumstances. Therefore, Turkish foreign policy during the Bosnian<br />
problem could be regarded as the most active one since the Cyprus issue in<br />
1974. 28<br />
At the time of the Bosnian conflict, Turkish policy makers declared<br />
many times that Turkey was a great country that would follow a leading<br />
and dynamic foreign policy. Since Turkey’s position in the new<br />
international order of the post-‐Cold War era was discussed heavily at the<br />
time, Turkish leaders were insisting on the country’s important role in<br />
world politics. In their view, one should remind the world that Turkey was<br />
still influential and could not just be put aside. In the region extending from<br />
the Adriatic to the Wall of China, it was not possible to wage a war or bring<br />
peace without the support of Turkey. 29<br />
During the Bosnian conflict, thanks to its initiatives Turkey was taken<br />
into consideration. Almost all the actors involved in some kind of<br />
mediation asked for Turkey’s support. Owen-‐Stoltenberg’s visit to Ank<strong>ara</strong>,<br />
the invitation of Turkey to the London Conference, and later Richard<br />
Holbrooke’s contacts in Ank<strong>ara</strong> were important indications that so long as<br />
Turkey launched an active diplomacy, its role in international politics was<br />
appreciated. In other words, as Turkey’s role in regional affairs increased,<br />
Turkey’s position in international politics improved as well.<br />
Moreover, Turkey’s influence in the Balkans was perceived as an<br />
important proof of its claim of being European. Only if it had weight in the<br />
region, it could prove its importance to Europe. If its Bosnian policy failed, it<br />
would mean not just the destruction of an Ottoman heritage, but also the<br />
end of Turkey’s European dream.<br />
The Kurdish question did not appear to play any substantial role in<br />
Turkey’s Bosnian policy since Bosnia was an internationally recognized<br />
country and the violence against it was directed mainly from another state,<br />
Yugoslavia. Although Kurdish nationalism was on the rise in those years<br />
and PKK attacks constituted a major internal problem, Turkey presented<br />
inter-‐group relations in the country as a model to the Balkans. However, it<br />
was also emphasized that if a multi-‐cultural and democratic Bosnia was<br />
created, this would be an example for the solution of Turkey’s own<br />
problem. Meanwhile, some observers stated that it was easier in Turkey to<br />
go to Bosnia than to criticize Turkey’s Kurdish policy.<br />
In sum, arguing that it was a great country interested in its region,<br />
Ank<strong>ara</strong> tried to play a leadership role and assume guardianship of the<br />
Bosniaks. It launched many diplomatic initiatives, but it was careful not to<br />
act alone. It was emphasized by Turkish decision makers many times that<br />
28 Diplomats at the Turkish Foreign Ministry, Interview by author, Ank<strong>ara</strong>, January 2004.<br />
29 A previous Turkish foreign minister, Interview by author, Ank<strong>ara</strong>, 13 January 2004.<br />
15
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
Turkey would act multilaterally and did not have any neo-‐Ottomanist<br />
dreams. Turkey considered that as long as it could assert its weight in the<br />
Balkan crisis, it would be taken into account by the US, European countries<br />
and international organizations.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
This study analyzed Turkey’s foreign policy during Bosnian War between<br />
1992-‐1995. Turkish state identity has been discussed heavily in the wake of<br />
the end of the Cold War and alternative identities were proposed instead<br />
especially by Kurdish nationalists and Islamists. As the country’s strategic<br />
role that it acquired during the Cold War was increasingly questioned, there<br />
seemed to be ambiguity regarding the path that Turkish foreign policy<br />
makers would choose. The war in Bosnia started at the very time in which<br />
Turkey was experiencing an identity crisis.<br />
The findings of this study supports the hypothesis that constructivist<br />
approach helps us make sense of Turkey’s Bosnia policy. Turkey tried to<br />
prove that it could still play an important role in its neighborhood,<br />
especially in Europe in the new circumstamces of the post-‐bipolar world<br />
system. Turkey’s Bosnian policy constituted a hallmark because it<br />
represented the most active foreign policy attitude of Ank<strong>ara</strong> since the<br />
Cyprus intervention of 1974. Turkey found that as it acted rigorously and<br />
tried to convince international actors to act more assertively, it was<br />
increasingly taken into consideration by the great powers, like the US and<br />
EU. The fact that it started bearing the fruits of its active policy encouraged<br />
Turkey to maintain the intended course.<br />
During the Bosnian war Turkish policymakers stressed the continuing<br />
importance of Turkey for the stability of the neigboring regions. The wars<br />
of Yugoslav dissolution witnessed many narratives of Turkish leaders<br />
declaring the greatness of the country. This dominant narrative was<br />
accompanied by an active foreign policy implemented by the Turkish<br />
leaders ch<strong>ara</strong>cterized by Ank<strong>ara</strong>’s many diplomatic initiatives to bring the<br />
Bosnian issue to the attention of the international community and convince<br />
international actors to take more measures in order to stop the conflict.<br />
This study argued that this discourse and foreign policy were caused by<br />
Turkish leaders’ desire to show Turkey’s still lasting geopolitical signifance<br />
to the world. Related to that they also aimed to maintain the state identity<br />
that Turkey had acquired during the Cold War as part of the Western world.<br />
Turkish policy makers found that as long as they launched initiatives for the<br />
solution of the conflict, they were taken more seriously by the US and other<br />
international actors.<br />
16
Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Bosnian War (1992-‐1995)<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
“Bosna’ya silah gönderdik”, Hürriyet, 4 December 1994.<br />
BANCHOFF Thomas, “German Identity and European Integration”,<br />
European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 5 (1999), p. 259-‐289.<br />
CAMPBELL David, Writing Security United States Foreign Policy and the<br />
Politics of Identity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), p.<br />
76.<br />
CHAFETZ Glenn, Michael Spirtas, and Benjamin Frankel, “Introduction:<br />
Tracing the Influence of Identity on Foreign Policy”, Security Studies,<br />
Vol. 8 (Winter 1998-‐1999, Spring 1999), p. VIII-‐XXII.<br />
CHECKEL Jeffrey. T., “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations<br />
Theory”, World Politics, Vol. 50 (1998), p. 324-‐348.<br />
CORNELL Erik, Turkey in the 21st Century, Opportunities, Challenges,<br />
Threats, Britain: Curzon, 2001.<br />
ÇAĞLAYAN Selin, “Ank<strong>ara</strong>’nın kâbusu: Balkan Savaşı…”, Hürriyet, 23<br />
November 1992.<br />
ÇALIŞ Şaban H., Hayaletbilimi ve Hayali Kimlikler, Neo-‐Osmanlılık, Özal ve<br />
Balkanlar, Konya: Çizgi, 2001.<br />
DAĞI İhsan D., “Transformation of Islamic Political Identity in Turkey:<br />
Rethinking the West and the Westernization”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 6<br />
(2005).<br />
FULLER Graham E. et. al., Turkey’s New Geopolitics from the Balkans to<br />
Western China (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993).<br />
İDIZ Semih D., “Ank<strong>ara</strong> welcomes peace accord for Bosnia”, Turkish Probe,<br />
24 November 1995, pp. 7-‐8.<br />
İDIZ Semih D., “Bosnia crisis reaches endgame”, Turkish Probe, 1 September<br />
1995.<br />
KARAOSMANOĞLU Ali L., “Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Kimliği Açısından<br />
Türkiye-‐Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri”, Doğu Batı, IV/14 (2001), p.156-‐166.<br />
KOWERT Paul A., “National Identity: Inside and Out”, Security Studies, Vol. 8<br />
(Winter 1998-‐1999, Spring 1999), p. 1-‐34.<br />
KRAMER Heinz, A Changing Turkey, The Challenge to Europe and the United<br />
States, Washington, D. C.: Brookings, 2000.<br />
KUT Şule, “Yugoslavya Bunalımı ve Türkiye’nin Bosna-‐Hersek ve<br />
Makedonya Politikası: 1990-‐1993”, in Sönmezoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış<br />
Politikasının Analizi.<br />
LESSER Ian O., “Turkey’s Strategic Options”, The International Spectator,<br />
Vol. 34 (1999), p.79-‐88.<br />
LYNCH Marc, “Abandoning Iraq: Jordan’s Alliances and the Politics of State<br />
Identity”, Security Studies, Vol. 8 (Winter 1998-‐1999, Spring 1999), p.<br />
347-‐388.<br />
ÖZCAN Gencer, “Doksanlarda Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış<br />
Politikasında Askeri Yapının Artan Etkisi”, in G. Özcan and Ş. Kut (eds.),<br />
17
Birgül Demirtaş Coşkun<br />
En Uzun On Yıl, Türkiye’nin Ulusal Güvenlik ve Dış Politika Gündeminde<br />
Doksanlı Yıllar, İstanbul: Büke, 2000, p.67-‐101.<br />
ROBINS Philip, Suits and Uniforms, Turkish Foreign Policy Since the Cold<br />
War, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003.<br />
SÖNMEZOĞLU Faruk, “Dünya ve Türkiye”, in F. Sönmezoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış<br />
Politikasının Analizi (İstanbul: Der, 2004), p. 985-‐1006.<br />
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Ol<strong>ara</strong>k Balkanlar”, in Gencer Özcan & Şule Kut, eds., En Uzun On Yıl<br />
(İstanbul: Boyut, 1998).<br />
ÜNAL Hasan, “Bosnia II – a Turkish critique”, The World Today, Vol. 51<br />
(1995)<br />
WENDT Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge:<br />
Cambridge University Press, 1999.<br />
YALÇIN Nilüfer, “Çetin: ‘Derhal uyacağız”, Milliyet, 1 June 1992.<br />
YİNANÇ Barçın, “Hiçbirşeyi daha kötü bırakmadım”, Milliyet, 30 July 1994.<br />
18
THE STRATEGIC RELEVANCE OF AGRI IN EUROPE’S<br />
SOUTHERN GAS CORRIDOR<br />
László Marácz *<br />
Özet<br />
Avrupa, enerji açısından neredeyse tamamen kıta dışındaki satıcıl<strong>ara</strong><br />
bağımlıdır. Son zamanlarda Avrupa Birliği (EU), çeşitli ülkelere enerji<br />
bağımlığını azaltmayı baş<strong>ara</strong>madı. Bu durum, Avrupa Birliğini dünya<br />
arenasında jeopolitik bir oyuncu ol<strong>ara</strong>k oldukça savunmasız bırakmıştır.<br />
Özellikle merkezî ve Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri doğalgazlarını Rusya'dan<br />
sağladıkları için neredeyse tamamen onl<strong>ara</strong> bağlımlıdır. <strong>Merkezi</strong> ve Avrupa<br />
kıtasındaki bazı ülkeler bu durumunu değiştirmeye çalışmaktadırlar.<br />
Azerbaycan, Gürcistan ve Romanya, 2010 Nisan ayında Rusya'yı atlay<strong>ara</strong>k<br />
Hazar Denizi yoluyla K<strong>ara</strong>deniz'den Avrupa'ya doğalgazı taşımak için<br />
anlaştılar. Bu yıliçinde Macaristan da AGRI adlı konsorsiyuma katıldı. Sonuç<br />
ol<strong>ara</strong>k, AB üye ülkeler, Rus kontrolündeki doğalgaz boru hatlarına daha az<br />
bağımlı olacak.<br />
Anahtar Kelimeler: Enerji çeşitliliği, AGRI, LNG, K<strong>ara</strong>deniz, Jeopolitik.<br />
Abstract<br />
Europe is almost completely dependent for her energy on outside suppliers. In<br />
recent years the European Union (EU) has not succeeded in reducing the<br />
energy dependencies by diversification, a keyword in European strategic<br />
papers (see, COM 2008 781 final). This makes the European Union as a<br />
geopolitical player in the world arena rather vulnerable. Especially the<br />
countries in Central and Eastern Europe are almost completely dependent for<br />
their gas supplies on Russia. Some countries in the Central and European space<br />
are trying to modify this state of affairs. Azerbaijan, Georgia and Romania have<br />
agreed upon in April of this year to transport gas from the Caspian Sea via the<br />
Black Sea to Europe bypassing Russia. Later this year Hungary also has joined<br />
this so-‐called AGRI consortium. As a result, EU-‐member states will be less<br />
dependent on the gas pipelines that are carrying Russian gas through states<br />
that are under Russian control.<br />
Keywords: Energy diversification, AGRI, LNG, Black Sea, geopolitics<br />
EU-‐RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN ENERGY POLITICS<br />
Russia is intrinsically involved in the EU debate on energy security.<br />
According to Richard Youngs, Russia ‘completely dominates (…) debates<br />
over European energy policy (see Youngs 2009, 79).’ Russia is the main<br />
* Assist. Prof. Dr., University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, European Studies,<br />
University of Amsterdam, l.k.m<strong>ara</strong>[email protected].<br />
K<strong>ara</strong>deniz Araştırmaları • Kış 2011 • Sayı 28 • 19-‐28
László Marácz<br />
actor engaged in the issue of supply. As one of the largest global suppliers of<br />
natural gas and oil, Russia can meet high European demands for energy.<br />
Due to its geographical proximity to the Union, the country’s energy giant,<br />
the state-‐owned company Gazprom is also an obvious partner for European<br />
state members’ energy providers. Russia on the other hand benefits from<br />
these European revenues. One fifth of its annual GDP income is derived<br />
from energy revenues (Godzimirski 2009). However, political unrest in the<br />
post-‐Soviet space can endanger reliable supply to Europe, as has happened<br />
several times in recent years. Having toppled the communist system only<br />
two decades ago, Russia remains an unstable partner in energy negotiations<br />
(Correlje and Van der linde 2006). In 1994 efforts to place Russia’s pipeline<br />
network under multilateral regulations failed when Russia refused to ratify<br />
the Energy Charter Treaty (Youngs 2009, 80). To prevent further upheavals<br />
and ensure energy security, the EU established a Common Economic Space<br />
(CES) with Russia at a summit in St. Petersburg in 2003. The long-‐term goal<br />
of the agreement is the formation of an open market between EU and<br />
Russia.<br />
Europe’s demand for gas is high, however, and Russia can meet this<br />
demand like no other actor on the market (Progress Report 2008). Europe<br />
will not be able therefore to exclude Russia from gas deals. Maintaining<br />
good relations with Russia is a prerogative. By creating a more formal<br />
cooperation basis with Russia, EU can, however, avoid becoming a victim of<br />
the sort of unpredictable reactions the Ukraine has had to put up with<br />
regularly. Signed contracts can ensure EU energy safety and reasonable<br />
prices for Russian gas. The Common Economic Space between EU and<br />
Russia provides a framework to establish legally binding documents on gas<br />
deals.<br />
Energy related issues form the “backbone’’ of CES (see Sutela 2005,<br />
14). Due to asymmetrical provisions in supply and demand between the<br />
Union and Russia several gas disputes have had to be solved during the last<br />
years (see Progess Report 2008). Russia has turned out to be a politically<br />
unreliable partner in gas supply. Following political rows with<br />
neighbouring states Russia has regularly turned off the gas tap thereby<br />
hindering transit to Europe. During the Russian war with Georgia in 2008,<br />
following price disputes with Ukraine in 2006 (Stern, 2006; Youngs 2009)<br />
and as a reaction to failed debt payments by Ukraine in 2008 (Pirani et al.<br />
2009), Russia demonstrated its power by causing severe gas shortages in<br />
Central and Eastern Europe following the pipeline cuts. As a consequence,<br />
EU and Russia agreed on an Early Warning Mechanism in 2009 to prevent<br />
further crises leaving EU countries at the mercy of Russian gas magnates<br />
(EU press release, 2009).<br />
European energy security is highly dependent on diplomatic relations<br />
with Russia and joint ventures between European and Russian energy<br />
20
The Strategic Relevance of AGRI in Europe’s Southern Gas Corridor<br />
companies. The foremost objective of Union’s energy policy is to secure<br />
supply. As a ‘net energy importer’ (COM 2008 781 final) Europe is exposed<br />
to energy supply shocks, price volatility and decreasing fossil fuel reserves.<br />
Indigenous energy production covers barely half of Europe’s need, with 56<br />
percent of European energy imported from third countries. In fact,<br />
domestic production even started declining in 2004 (COM 2008 781 final).<br />
If this trend is not reversed, fuel imports will rise even further in the future.<br />
Oil and gas, i.e. 60 and 26 percent in 2008 respectively, compromise the<br />
largest share (COM 2008 781 final). Russia provided 36 percent of oil<br />
imports in 2007 (Europe’s Energy Position, 2009, 21) and 42 percent of gas<br />
import in 2008 (COM 2008 781 final), rendering the EU highly dependent<br />
on Russian resources. Even if substantial increase in Russian energy<br />
supplies is achieved until 2020 twenty percent ‘energy imports [are] set to<br />
rise under almost all scenarios’ (COM 2008 781 final, 3).<br />
THE GREAT PIPELINE RACE<br />
The European Union has not succeeded in developing a common energy<br />
strategy, nor a strategy of energy diversification. There is a lot of talking<br />
about the EU’s sponsored Nabucco-‐pipeline that should carry gas from<br />
Central Asia and the Caspian Sea region via the Caucasus and Turkey to<br />
Europe thereby bypassing Russia and Ukraine but concrete steps to<br />
construct the pipeline have not been taken so far. It is extremely unlikely<br />
that the Nabucco project will be operative in 2015 as has been planned.<br />
Without a common energy policy and a succesfull strategy of energy<br />
diversification the EU will hardly become a major political player in the<br />
21th century.<br />
Europe is linked to the Russian gas fields by several large gas pipelines,<br />
like the North Stream. More gas pipeline routes, like South Stream will be<br />
planned in the near future and can be considered as a concurrent to the<br />
Nabucco pipeline in the southern gas corridor. These pipelines and projects<br />
are controlled or will be controlled by the Russians or will run through<br />
countries, like Belarus or Ukraine that are politically controlled by Russia.<br />
Also some richer countries in the Western part of Europe, like Germany<br />
have reached an agreement with Russia on the supply of gas. Russian gas<br />
will be carried by pipelines that run directly to Germany via the Baltic Sea,<br />
the so-‐called North Stream. North Stream is cooperation between the state-‐<br />
owned Russian company Gazprom, the German energy companies E.ON and<br />
BASF and the Dutch Gasunie. Poland is excluded from this pipeline and the<br />
Russian-‐German cooperation has been interpreted in Poland as a modern<br />
Molotov-‐Ribbentrop Pact referring to the Sovjet-‐Nazi pact preceding the<br />
Second World War that determined the tragic faith of Poland and the other<br />
Central and Eastern European countries during and after the Second World<br />
War.<br />
21
László Marácz<br />
In the past Russia has successfully played EU members off against the<br />
others. The EU treats energy policy as a foreign policy issue, an area<br />
member states like to protect from too much interference from Brussels<br />
(Youngs 2009). By signing bilateral agreements with major national energy<br />
providers such as German E.ON, Italian ENI and French EDF, Russian energy<br />
giant Gazprom has managed to become a direct stakeholder in the largest<br />
national gas markets in Europe (Leal-‐Arcas 2009). Other competeting non-‐<br />
EU gas suppliers to the EU, such as Algeria and Libya that are active on the<br />
Italian market, have been made business partners by the Russians in an<br />
attempt to monopolize gas supply into the EU. The Lisbon Treaty added a<br />
clausal on energy solidarity amongst the EU-‐members. The clausal has no<br />
legal binding, however and is not being obeyed (Progress Report, 2008).<br />
Companies like E.ON, ENI and EDF are therefore helping Russia along in<br />
gaining a gas monopoly.<br />
Hence, Russia has used its monopoly position as a real geopolitical<br />
weapon that can be employed for ‘divide and rule’ tactics. Austria, Hungary<br />
and Serbia could not resist the temptation and were willing to accept the<br />
offer of Gazprom to buy shares in their local energy companies, i.e. Austrian<br />
OMV, Hungarian MOL and Sebian NIS to bind them to the South Stream<br />
project. Russian energy company Surgutneftegas has acquired 21.2 percent<br />
stake in Hungarian oil and gas company MOL, although MOLs constitution<br />
allows only for a foreign stake of 10 percent. This deal violating Hungarian<br />
law was concluded by the pro-‐Russian, oligarchic government of Prime<br />
Minister Ferenc Gyurcsany who was lobbying for the position of<br />
‘commissioner of the South Stream project’ and made Hungary completely<br />
dependent on Russian interest. Recently the new Hungarian centre-‐right<br />
government under Viktor Orbán declared by his spokesman Tamás Fellegi,<br />
Hungary’s National Development Minister that the state wants to increase<br />
its leverage in the energy sector and does not welcome foreign stakeholders<br />
in strategic national companies (See Politics.HU). It will be not easy to get<br />
rid of the Russian stake in the MOL company, however. Gazprom was able<br />
to buy the Serbian state energy company NIS for almost nothing and also<br />
acquired the control of pipelines on Serbian territory giving the Serbs the<br />
gu<strong>ara</strong>ntee that South Stream will be running over Serbian territory. In the<br />
end South Stream will reach Silvio Berlusconi’s Italy who is a frequent guest<br />
in the Kremlin and a strong supporter of Russian exclusive energy interest<br />
in Europe (see Lucas 2008).<br />
In order to break the exclusive dependency on Russia gas that is not<br />
only the gas itself but also the routes carrying the gas to the Union the EU<br />
has launched several projects to diversify the routes. The best-‐known<br />
pipeline project in the southern gas corridor is the already mentioned<br />
Nabucco that will carry gas over the territory of Turkey. But several other<br />
smaller projects, such as the Trans-‐Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), the Turkey-‐<br />
22
The Strategic Relevance of AGRI in Europe’s Southern Gas Corridor<br />
Greece-‐Italy Interconnector (ITGI) or the Azerbaijan-‐Georgia-‐Romania<br />
Interconnector (AGRI) all have the potential to be an important element of<br />
the southern gas corridor and even call into question the future of Nabucco<br />
itself. In any case, all these pipelines will draw gas from the same gas fields,<br />
i.e. Sah-‐Deniz 1-‐2 in the Caspian Sea region.<br />
European pipeline project Nabucco has been undercut several times by<br />
the Russians. Under Ference Gyurcsány’s pro-‐Russian government in 2007<br />
Hungary signed a bilateral deal with Gazprom to receive gas via the Russian<br />
pipeline Blue Stream (Youngs 2009). Due to this deal Hungary temporary<br />
withdraw from EUs Nabucco pipeline project triggering criticism from<br />
Brussels (see Aczél 2010). In 2010 Russia signed deals with Azerbaijan,<br />
securing gas supplies to stream to Russia instead of through the delayed<br />
Nabucco pipeline (Socor 2010).<br />
Furthermore, Russian pipeline project South Stream will form a direct<br />
rival supply route to Nabucco as it also carries gas to Southern Europe<br />
(Finon 2010). With French EDF and Italian ENI financing the rival, it is hard<br />
to take Europe seriously in its attempts at solidarity. South Stream will<br />
bypassing Romania and cuts through Bulgaria playing off Romania and<br />
Bulgaria against the other. This is one of the main reasons Romania has<br />
been initiating AGRI bypassing Russia in order to gu<strong>ara</strong>ntee itself a place<br />
within the South Stream project.<br />
RUSSIAN GAS MONOPOLY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE<br />
As mentioned above Russia has an important share in the energy supply of<br />
the European Union. Especially the countries in Central and Eastern Europe<br />
are almost completely dependent upon Russian gas. Slovakia is depending<br />
for 99 percent, the Czech Republic for 78 percent, Hungary for 80 percent,<br />
Poland for 67 percent and the Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania<br />
for 100 percent on Russian gas. The only exception in Central and Eastern<br />
Europe is Romania that satisfies 85 percent of her gas demands from<br />
internal resources. Furthermore, in these countries the connecting<br />
pipelines to Russia run over Ukrainian territory, i.e. in the case of Slovakia,<br />
Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Romania<br />
and Russia or Russian controlled countries like Belarus in the case of the<br />
Baltic countries (compare Marácz 2009, 17).<br />
The Russians are very well aware of this and have used the energy<br />
weapon against those who are critical about present day Russia. The small<br />
Baltic countries can be blackmailed by threatening to cut off energy<br />
supplies from Russia. In recent winters Russia was not ready to deliver gas<br />
to Ukraine of president Viktor Yushchenko who was conducting a pro-‐<br />
Western policy. After the election in February 2010 of this year that was<br />
won by the pro-‐Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych Ukraine does not<br />
23
László Marácz<br />
have to be afraid that they will be cut off from Russian energy supplies. The<br />
government of Yanukovych will support Russian politics led by Putin and<br />
Medvedev in exchange for lower energy, especially gas prices that will keep<br />
the Yanukovych government longer in power.<br />
Gazprom, Russia’s state-‐owned sole exporter of Russian gas has not<br />
only succeeded in attaining large shares of European energy firms it also<br />
holds long-‐term supply contracts with European distributors (Dreyer<br />
2010). In the cases of Slovakia and Bulgaria, where one distributor<br />
dominates the entire market for gas (Stern 2005) consumers are 100<br />
percent dependent on Russian supplies. The Baltic states are also highly<br />
dependent on Russian gas with Gazprom holding a 37 percent stake in Eesti<br />
Gaas (Stern 2005, 127), Estonia’s gas monopoly. These European bilateral<br />
ventures with Russian state-‐owned gas company Gazprom undermine EU<br />
attempts to speak with one voice and to take up seriously the issue of<br />
energy diversification. As some EU-‐members rely on only one supplier, i.e.<br />
the Baltic states on Russia securing supplies entails lowering dependency<br />
on these suppliers by diversifying the sources. The Union’s strategy seems<br />
to construct ‘reliable framework conditions’ to realize this diversification<br />
(COM 2008 781 final, 5). Priority infrastructure projects aimed at<br />
interlinking European energy markets and subsequently decreasing their<br />
dependence on third countries is listed under this point. Projects include<br />
the ‘Baltic Interconnection Plan’ which entails key infrastructures necessary<br />
for effective interconnection of the Baltic region with the rest of the EU and<br />
the ‘southern gas corridor’ interconnections to link gas supply from Caspian<br />
and Middle eastern sources and Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) develop LNG<br />
action plan on liquefaction and storage facilities. One of these latter projects<br />
is AGRI.<br />
THE STRATEGIC RELEVANCE OF AGRI<br />
As we have discussed above especially the countries between Germany and<br />
Russia in the Central and Eastern European zone are worried about their<br />
energy supplies that is strongly connected to their security and safety. To<br />
retake the initiative three presidents, the President of Azerbaijan Ilham<br />
Aliyev, the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili and the Romanian<br />
President Trajan Basescu met in Azerbaijan’s capital Baku on 14 September<br />
of this year and signed the Baku decl<strong>ara</strong>tion in which the three heads of<br />
state decided to construct a gas pipeline that will connect the three<br />
countries. The construction of the pipeline labeled AGRI which is the<br />
abbreviation of ‘Azerbaijan-‐Georgia-‐Romania-‐Interconnection’ will connect<br />
these countries via the Black Sea. The Georgian president Saakashvili who<br />
is clearly on the side of the West and would like his country to join NATO<br />
has played a crucial role in setting up AGRI. With the help of the AGRI<br />
24
The Strategic Relevance of AGRI in Europe’s Southern Gas Corridor<br />
project Saakashvili himself is using energy as a geopolitical weapon against<br />
Russia trying to embarrass the Russians at their own playing field.<br />
AGRI will draw gas from the Caspian Sea that will be carried via a<br />
pipeline across land to Georgia for liquefaction. This process of liquefaction<br />
will take place in a plant for LNG exports at the Azerbaijan-‐owned oil export<br />
terminal of Kulevi in Georgia. Kulevi is by the way at “spitting distance”<br />
from the breakaway autonomous territory Abkhazia. Abkhazia is a<br />
marionette state of Russia and is providing Russia a stronger geopolitical<br />
position in the southern part of the Caucasus to put pressure on the AGRI<br />
project. Commentators are afraid that this will make the AGRI project<br />
vulnerable indeed. Further transport of LNG will take place via tankers<br />
from the Georgian port of Poti to the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanta.<br />
In Constanta a terminal will be constructed for the re-‐gasification of the<br />
LNG. The gas will be pumped through Romanian’s pipeline system to<br />
Hungary and to the rest of the Balkans and the European Union.<br />
The Romanian President Traian Basescu has declared that the project<br />
will be set in motion by all means but that he is hoping for financial support<br />
from Brussels. An advantageous moment for this is the coming year 2011<br />
because in the first half year Hungary will chair the Union and afterwards<br />
Poland. The latter country is strongly supporting the Eastern Partnership to<br />
establish all sorts of ties in the post-‐Soviet space having Georgia and<br />
Azerbaijan among its members. Basescu is counting on support from<br />
Hungary where recent elections in April 2010 have been won with a<br />
landslide by the pro-‐Western, centre-‐right coalition led by Viktor Orbán.<br />
This coalition took the government position of the Hungarian socialist party<br />
MSZP, an ardent supporter of Gazprom policy. On September 20 Hungary<br />
even announced it would become a shareholder in AGRI project. Now the<br />
following state energy companies, i.e. Romanian Romgaz, Georgian Oil and<br />
Gas Corporation (GOGC), the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic and<br />
the Hungarian Magyar Villamos Müvek Zrt. each holds a 25 percent stake in<br />
the project. Interestingly the Hungarian government had to leave out the<br />
MOL company because a Russian company has a stake in MOL, otherwise<br />
the Russians would have entered the AGRI project through the backdoor.<br />
AGRI will carry eight billion cubic metres gas a year (bcm/year) to<br />
Europe. Compared to the planned 38 bcm/year of Nabucco this is a rather<br />
modest figure. AGRIs capacity will be about five times less than Nabucco’s.<br />
The figure is indeed rather modest when we take into account the yearly<br />
LNG-‐import of a country like France that is about twice as much as the 8<br />
bcm/year that is planned by AGRI. The project financing will require a<br />
relatively modest amount of money of 4-‐6 billion euro. These figures can be<br />
lifted quite easily as demands will increase, however. In speeding up the<br />
distribution possibilities of AGRI to Central Europe and the Balkans the<br />
interconnecting pipeline between Hungary and Romania has already been<br />
25
László Marácz<br />
constructed. On October 14 of this year the gas pipeline linking the<br />
Romanian city of Arad and the Hungarian city of Szeged making the<br />
distribution of AGRI gas to Central Europe possible has been opened. It is<br />
also one of the first gas pipelines running ‘north-‐south’ in the Central and<br />
Eastern European area. The opening was attended by European<br />
commissioner for energy, Günther Oettinger who announced that pipelines<br />
running ‘north-‐south’ on the territory of the Union, like the Arad-‐Szeged<br />
pipe line and their connections to the north will be sponsored by the<br />
European Commission. North-‐south pipelines play an important role in the<br />
energy security of the Union.<br />
EU-‐projects in the southern energy corridor are strengthened by a<br />
decision of the European Commission to establish a Danube Region in order<br />
to interconnect a geopolitical territorial unit, a European macro-‐region<br />
through which the Danube river is flowing consisting of Germany, Austria,<br />
the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, the<br />
Republic of Moldova and Ukraine – six of which are EU Member States, and<br />
in a broader territorial context the region also comprises the Czech<br />
Republic, Slovenia, Bosnia Herzegovina and Montenegro. Concerning<br />
Germany and Ukraine only the regions have been invited that are crossed<br />
by the Danube, like the German federal states Baden-‐Württenberg and<br />
Bavaria. By doing so it is prevented that Germany with its enormous<br />
economic power would dominate the Danube strategy (European<br />
Знаменитый отдых
Ercan Havalimanı, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin başkenti Lefkoşa’da ve merkezi bir konumdadır. Lefkoşa’ya 23km, Girne’ye 44km, Mağusa’ya 50km ve Güzelyurt’a 62km uzaklıkta bulunan havalimanına adanın her yerinden ulaşım rahat bir şekilde sağlanabilmektedir. 3 Şubat 1975 tarihinde faaliyete geçen Ercan Havalimanı, Ocak 2013 tarihinden bu yana, dünya standartlarında hizmet veren Ercan Havalimanı’ndan 19 ülkenin 40 destinasyonuna uçuşlar düzenlenmekte ve 3.5 milyon yolcuya hizmet verilmektedir. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın dünyaya açılan penceresi Ercan Havalimanı’nın devamlı artan yolcu sayısı dikkate alınarak, T&T Havalimanı İşletmeciliği’nin dev yatırımıyla, son derece modern, güvenli ve ulaşımın rahat olduğu yeni terminal binası ve ikinci yeni pistin inşasına başlanmıştır.
***
Ercan Airport occupies a central position close to the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Nicosia (Lefkoşa). The airport is situated 23 km away from Nicosia, 44 km from Kyrenia, 50 km from Famagusta and 62 km away from Guzelyurt and the airport shuttle is easily provided from all over the island. Ercan Airport started operating on February 3, 1975 and since January 2013 until now has been managed by T&T Airport Management. Ercan Airport, offering world-class services,
provides flights to 40 destinations in 19 countries and serves 3.5 million passengers annually. Considering the continuously increasing number of passengers, in Ercan Airport, the North Cyprus’s window opening to the world, with T&T Airport Management’s huge investment the construction of extremely modern, secure and convenient new terminal building and the second new track has been started.
***
Аэропорт Эрджан находится в центральной части страны, недалеко от столицы Турецкой Республики Северного Кипра Никосии (Лефкоши). Аэропорт расположен в 23 км от Никосии, в 44 км от Кирении (Гирнэ), в 50 км от Фамагусты и 62 км от города Гюзельюрт. Транспортное сообщение с аэропортом легко обеспечивается со всего острова. Аэропорт Эрджан начал работать 3 февраля 1975 года и с января 2013 года до сих пор находится в управлении компании по управлению аэропортами T&T. Аэропорт Эрджан, предлагающий услуги на уровне мировых стандартов, обеспечивает полёты в 40 пунктов назначения в 19 странах и обслуживает 3,5 млн пассажиров в год. Учитывая постоянно растущее число пассажиров, в аэропорту Эрджан, который является окном в мир для Северного Кипра, благодаря огромным инвестициям компании
ERCAN AIRPORT OPERATED BY
T&T AIRPORT
T&T началось строительство чрезвычайно современного, безопасного и удобного нового терминала и второй взлётнопосадочной полосы.
Havalimanı’nın gelen yolcu çıkış salonunda Universal Bankası şubesi ile Kuzey Kıbrıs ve Türkiye bankalarının ATM’leri bulunmaktadır. (İktisat Bank – Ziraat Bankası – HSBC – ING – Koop Bank – Garanti Bankası –TEB – Card Plus – İş Bankası – Halkbank) The Universal Bank branch and ATM’s of North Cyprus and Turkish banks are situated on exiting the airport’s arrivals hall. (Iktisat Bank - Ziraat Bankası - HSBC - ING - Koop Bank - Garanti Bankası - TEB - Card Plus - Iş Bankası Halkbank) Филиал Universal Bank и банкоматы банков Северного Кипра и Турции находятся при выходе из зала прилётов аэропорта. (Iktisat BankZiraat Bankası - HSBC - ING - Koop Bank - Garanti Bankası -TEB - Card Plus- Iş Bankası - Halkbank)
Cyprus Airport Services ( CAS ): 0 (392) 231 42 94 – 231 46 04 İstanbul Handling: 0 (392) 231 47 14 – 0 (533) 888 28 81
www.ttairport.aero
ERCAN AIRPORT OPERATED BY
T&T AIRPORT Havayolu Şirketleri ve Numaraları Airline Companies & Numbers Aвиакомпании и телефоны 0 (392) 600 50 00 – Dahili: 1775 VIP Salonu 0 (392) 231 42 45 – Dahili: 1104 CIP Salonu 0 (392) 600 50 00 – Dahili: 1575 Duty Free Shop Магазин беспошлинной торговли 0 (392) 231 47 02 Polis -Police - Полиция 0 (392) 231 46 50 – Dahili: 641 Muhaceret Polisi Immigration Police Иммиграционная полиция 0 (392) 231 46 11 – Dahili: 754
0 (533) 877 79 42
Tel : +90 (392) 600 5000 (pbx) Fax : +90 392 600 50 60 E-Mail : [email protected] Web: www.ercanhavalimani.aero Kıb-Has Servisleri Tel :+90 (392) 231 40 02 Gsm :+90 (533) 870 78 45 Web: www.kibhas.org
TEL: + 90 (392) 600 5000
THY Ercan Havalimanı Ofisi Tel : +90 (392) 231 47 90 Faks: +90 (392) 231 42 73 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.thy.com Pegasus Havayolları Ercan Havalimanı Ofisi Tel : +90 (392) 231 42 88 Faks :+90 (392) 231 42 90 Web: www.flypgs.com Atlas Global Ercan Havalimanı Ofisi Tel : +90 (392) 231 41 88 Faks: +90 (392) 231 41 89 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.atlasglobal.com Onur Air Ercan Havalimanı Ofisi Tel : +90 (392) 231 40 00 Gsm: +90 (533) 854 66 87 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.onurair.com.tr BoraJet Ercan Havalimanı Ofisi Tel :+90 (533) 852 26 72 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.borajet.com.tr F&B alanları Gloria Jeans Coffees 0 (392) 231 47 02 Burger King 0 (392) 600 50 00 – Dahili: 1713 Simit Dünyası 0 (392) 600 50 00 – Dahili: 1715 Rioverde Café 0 (392) 600 50 00 – Dahili: 1714
FAX: +90 (392) 600 5070
F&B
E-MAIL: [email protected]
You have an appointment with flavour and comfort Вас ожидает встреча со вкусом и комфортом
THE ARKIN COLONY HOTEL determines luxury and comfort standards in North Cyprus Стандарты роскоши и комфорта на Северном Кипре определяет THE ARKIN COLONY HOTEL
Arkin Palm Beach Hotel’s unique Mediterranean view invites you to an unforgettable holiday
Уникальный средиземноморский пейзаж Arkın Palm Beach Hotel приглашает вас на незабываемый отдых
“Счастливые авто, удачный отдых”
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Değerli okurlar, tatilciler, turistler öncelikle hepinize içten ve sıcacık bir “merhaba” demek istiyorum. Dear readers, holidaymakers, tourists. First of all a sincere and warm “hello”. Уважаемые читатели, отдыхающие, туристы. Прежде всего искренний и теплый “привет” всем. Elinizdeki bu rehber, yalnızca Kuzey Kıbrıs’a hatta yalnızca Girne’ye adanmış, çok kapsamlı bir yayındır. Yaklaşık 1,5 yıllık bir projenin ürünü olan bu rehberi sizlerle paylaşmak benim için çok büyük bir gurur ve mutluluk kaynağı…
The guide in your hand, dedicated to North Cyprus, this one to Kyrenia only, is a very comprehensive publication. To share this guide, which is the product of an approximately 1.5-year project, with yo u is a great source of pride and joy for me...
Bizler, Bidergi Tasarım Ajans olarak, güncellenmiş verilerden oluşan Girne Gezi Rehberi’ni sizlerle buluşturmaya karar verdik. İngilizce, Türkçe ve Rusça olmak üzere üç dilde ve dünya standartlarına uygun bir yayın olan Girne Gezi Rehberi’nde kente dair her şeyi bulacaksınız. Kah Girne Kalesi’nin Batık Gemi Müzesi’nde tarihe şahit olacak, kah Caretta Caretta yavrularını yüzünüzdeki kocaman gülümsemeyle denize bırakacaksınız. Dopdolu geçecek tatilinizde kültür-sanat günleri, festivaller, doğa harikası orkideler, pırıl pırıl sahiller, deniz, kum, güneş ve çok daha fazlası sizleri bekliyor. Diğer yandan zengin Kıbrıs Mutfağı lezzetleri, eşsiz damak tatlarını sizlere vadediyor.
We, Bidergi Design Agency decided to present you with the Girne Travel Guide, made up with the latest updated data. You will find everything about the city in the Girne Travel Guide, issued according with the world’s publishing standards and in three languages - English, Turkish and Russian. You will witness history in the Sunken Ship Museum in Kyrenia Castle, or leave Caretta Caretta baby turtles to the sea with a huge smile on your face. Many things awaits to be squeezed in those busy days of your vacation: culture and art events, festivals, natural wonders of orchids, sparkling beaches, sea, sand, sun and much more. And Cyprus cuisine, rich in flavors, promises you its unique tastes.
Şimdi tüm sıkıntılarınızı, dertlerinizi bir kenara bırakın. Bu sıcak ülkede biraz olsun serinlemek adına soğuk bir şeyler için. Güneş kreminizi ve suyunuzu yanınızdan ayırmayın, rehberimizdeki yerleri gezerken kendiniz için küçük notlar almayı, bol bol fotoğraf çektirip anılar toplamayı ihmal etmeyin. Gezinizin her anında sizlere gerçek anlamda rehber olacak bu kitapçığı yanınızdan ayırmayın hatta ücretsiz mobil uygulamalarımızı edinin. Şimdi hazırsınız; Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın incisi, turizmin başkenti ve öncüsü, liman kenti Girne’ye hoşgeldiniz...
Now, leave aside your troubles and worries. Drink something cold to cool off a bit in this hot country. Always take your sunscreen and water with you, and do not forget to take small notes and lots of pictures while visiting our places to collect plenty of memories. Do not leave our little book behind it will guide you during every moment of your trip; consider downloading our free mobile application. Now you are ready - welcome to the pearl of Northern Cyprus, the capital and the leader of tourism, to the port city of Kyrenia...
Saygılarımla, Melek KAYA
Best regards, Melek KAYA
-8-
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
İmtiyaz Sahibi Chairman of the Board Melek KAYA Yayıncı Kuruluş- Publishing BİDERGİ TASARIM AJANS
Путеводитель, который вы держите сейчас в руках, посвященный Северному Кипру, а этот - только Кирении, является самым полным изданием. И то, что мы можем поделиться этим изданием, которое стало результатом примерно 1,5-годового проекта, с вами, является для меня источником гордости и радости...
Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı The President of Bidergi Tasarım Ajans Esra DAĞLAR Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Publishing Director Ayşegül TUNÇER
Мы, дизайнерское агентство Bidergi, решили представить вам «Путеводитель по Гирне», составленный из самых последних обновленных данных. В «Путеводителе по Гирне», изданном в соответствии с мировыми стандартами и на трёх языках - английском, турецком и русском, вы найдёте о городе всё. Вы сможете стать свидетелями истории в Музее затонувшего корабля в Киренийском замке или отпустить только что вылупившихся черепашек каретта каретта в море с огромной улыбкой на лице. Вас ожидает множество событий, которые нужно втиснуть в оживлённый график вашего отпуска: дни культуры и искусства, фестивали, чудо природы - орхидеи, сверкающие пляжи, море, песок, солнце и многое другое. И кухня Кипра, богатая и разнообразная, предлагает вам оценить свои уникальные вкусы.
Editör - Editor Ayşegül TUNÇER Yazı İşleri Sorumlusu - Managing Editor Filiz IŞIL Okan AKSU Tasarım - Graphic Design Asiye Zeynep DAĞLAR Eda Özkan AYTAŞ Reklam & Halkla İlişkiler Koordinatörü Public Relations & Advertising Coordinator Melek KAYA
Теперь, оставьте в стороне свои проблемы и заботы. Выпейте что-нибудь прохладительное, чтобы хоть немного охладиться в этой горячей стране. Всегда берите с собой солнцезащитный крем и воду, и не забудьте делать для себя небольшие заметки и много фотографий во время посещения наших мест, чтобы собрать как можно больше воспоминаний. Не оставляйте дома нашу книжицу – она станет для вас гидом и поможет в течение каждого момента вашей поездки; вы также можете воспользоваться нашим бесплатным мобильным приложением. Теперь вы готовы - добро пожаловать в жемчужину Северного Кипра, столицу туризма, в портовый город Кирению ...
Fotoğraflar - Photography Asiye Zeynep DAĞLAR Mustafa BOZDOĞAN Lefkoşa Bölge Sorumlusu - Nicosia Officer Derviş Vasfi EROĞLU Katkıda Bulunanlar - Contributors Thelma ODONELL Natalie MUJANOVA Nigar MURADOVA Kaynakça - Source Tuncer BAĞIŞKAN
С наилучшими пожеланиями, Мелек Кая
Reklam Ajansı - Advertising Agency Bidergi Tasarım Ajans E-mail: [email protected]
www.bidergikibris.com
Kardeşler Pasajı NO: 1 Lefkoşa - KKTC Cennet Mahalesi Turgut Reis Cad. No 70 - 15 Küçükçekmece - İSTANBUL 0 533 832 30 21 - 0 533 832 29 09 Bidergi Tasarım Ajans Tarafından tasarlanmıştır. Her hakkı saklıdır. Dergimizde yayınlanan yazı, fotoğraf ve reklamlar yayıncı kuruluştan izin alınmadan kullanılamaz.
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İçindekiler- Contents - содержание
8-9
Editörden Editorial От редактора
16-26
Sonat Deniz ile Kuzey Kıbrıs’ı Keşfedin Discover North Cyprus with Sonat Deniz Откройте для себя Северный Кипр с Sonat Дениз
30-31
32-33
136
Geleneksel Kıbrıs Peyniri Hellim Traditional Cyprus Cheese Hallomi Хеллим - традиционный кипрский сыр
138-139
Kıbrıs Florası Flora of Cyprus Флора Кипра
140-141 Cennetten bir parça: Kuzey Kıbrıs A piece of paradise: Northern Cyprus Частичка рая: Северный Кипр
Yüzyıllık Zeytin Ağaçları Monumental Olive Trees Монументальные Оливковые деревья
142-143
Kıbrıs Adası’nın Tarihi The history of Cyprus История Острова Кипр
Kıbrıs Faunası Cyprus Fauna Фауна Кипра
144-147
Gelenek, Görenek ve Adetler Traditions, Customs and Rituals Традиции, обычаи И ритуалы
34-35
Önemli Bilgiler Important Information Важная информация
36-75
Turizmin Başkenti Girne The capital of tourism Kyrenia Центр туризма: Кирения
148-149
Kıbrıs’ta Sosyal Hayat Social Life in North Cyprus Общественная и культурная жизнь на Северном (Кипре)
78-82
Girne Belediyesi Kültür Sanat Günleri ve Festivalleri Girne Municipality Culture & Art Days and Festivals Дни культуры и искусства, фестивали муниципалитета Гирнэ
152-155
Girne Plajları Girne Kyrenia Beaches Пляжи Гирнэ Кирении
156-157
Festivaller Festivals Фестивали
84-93
94
98-105
Çatalköy Catalkoy Чаталкёй Esentepe Esentepe Эсентепе Old Milos’un İzleriyle Alsancak With the trace of Old Milos: Caravas По следам древнего Милоса Алсанджак
108-125
Lapta Lapethos Лапта
128-131
Kıbrıs Mutfağı Cypriot Cuisine Кипрская кухня
132-134
Rakı Kültürü ve Kıbrıs Mezeleri Raki Culture and Cyprus Mezes Культура ракы и кипрские мезе
162-169 Haritalar Maps Карты 170-171
Oteller Hotels Отели
172-173
Restoranlar Restaurants Рестораны
174
Acil Telefon Numaraları Emergency Numbers Номера телефонов экстренных служб Hastaneler Hospitals Больницы Konsolosluklar Embassies Посольства 175
2016 Yılı Resmi Tatilleri 2016 Public Holidays Официальные праздники Transferler Transportation Транспорт
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Sonat Deniz ile Kuzey Kıbrıs’ı Keşfedin Discover North Cyprus with Sonat Deniz
Узнайте Северный Кипр с Sonat Дениз Ülkenin yüzölçümü çok büyük olmadığı için tek bir merkezde konaklayarak tüm ülkeyi gezmek mümkün. Ancak yollarda geçirilecek zamanı azaltarak daha çok gezebilmek amacıyla ülkeyi iki bölgeye ayırarak, her bir bölge için ayrı bir şehirde kalmak daha doğru olacaktır. Ülkenin ortasında yer alan Lefkoşa, Girne ile batıda yer alan Güzelyurt’u gezmek için Girne’de; ülkenin doğusunda yer alan Gazimağusa ile kuzeydoğusundaki Karpaz’ı gezmek için ise Gazimağusa’da konaklamak gerekir. Kuzey Kıbrıs, resmi nüfusu 260 bin kişi civarında olan, ancak gerçekte nüfusunun çok daha fazla olduğu iddia edilen Akdeniz’de bir ada ülkesidir. Ülkeye Türkiye’den birkaç şehirden uçak ile veya Mersin’den deniz otobüsü ve gemi ile ulaşmak mümkün. Not: TC vatandaşları Kuzey Kıbrıs’a nüfus cüzdanı ile giriş yapabildiği için pasaporta gerek yoktur. Toplu taşımanın çok az olduğu ülkede nerdeyse her yetişkin bir araç sahibidir. Ben de gezi planımı havaalanından kiralanacak araç ile yapılacak şekilde planladım. Not: Ülkede trafik soldan akmakta ve direksiyonlar aracın sağ tarafında yer almaktadır. Araç kiralayacakların öncelikle bunu dikkate alması gerekmektedir. Araç kiralama firmaları genellikle 25 yaşın altındakilere araç kiralamamakta, minimum araç kiralama süresinin 3 gün olmasını istemektedirler. Sıcak bir iklime sahip olan ülkede Mayıs-Ekim döneminin oldukça sıcak geçtiğini hatırlatmak isterim. İllaki denize girmeyi hedeflemiyorsanız MartNisan ve Ekim-Kasım ayları gezmek için ideal.
Ülke hakkında genel bir bilgi verdikten sonra gezi güzergahını anlatmaya başlıyorum. 1. Gün Havaalanından kiralanacak araba ile Kuzey Kıbrıs turuna başlıyoruz. Havaalanından araba kiralamak için Kıbrıs’a gitmeden birkaç gün öncesinden rezervasyon yapmak gerekir. Ancak bu sayede kiraladığınız araç istediğiniz saatte havaalanında hazır olacaktır. Girne Ercan Havalimanı ile Girne arası 42 km. Not: Kıbrıs’ta gerek şehir içinde gerekse şehirler arası yollarda birçok yerde trafik kameraları ile hız kontrolü yapılmaktadır. Kameralara yaklaşmadan önce tabelalar ile hız sınırı ikazları yapılmaktadır. Bu tabelalara dikkat ederek hızınızı kontrol etmek zorundasınız. Girne’de birçok farklı tarzda otel alternatifi mevcut. Girne Merkez’de arabayı Ramadan Cemil Meydanı’ndaki otoparka veya Girne Kalesi’nin yanındaki sokağa park edebilirsiniz. Tarihi 7.yüzyıla dayanan Girne Kalesi’ni gezmek 1-2 saat zaman almaktadır. Kalede tarihi kilise, Lahit, kuleler ve zindanların yanı sıra Batık Gemi Müzesi de yer almaktadır. Kale, Girne Limanı’nın bir başında yer almaktadır. Kaleyi ziyaret ettikten sonra liman boyunca yürüyerek, kafelerden birinde yol ve kale gezisinin yorgunluğu atılabilir, daha sonra limandan içeri doğru giren daracık Girne sokakları gezilerek iç taraftaki çarşıya geçilir. Çarşıda dolaşıldıktan sonra tekrar arabaya dönerek Girne’deki diğer gezi noktalarına yol alıyoruz.
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Girne, sahil şeridine paralel uzanır. Şehir merkezi ortadadır. Merkezden batıya doğru gidildiğinde Karaoğlanoğlu bölgesine varılır. Doğuya doğru ise Ozanköy’e gidilir. Batıya doğru gidildiğinde Karaoğlanoğlu Şehitliği gezilmelidir. Şehitlik, Kıbrıs Harekatı sırasında hayatını kaybeden Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Askerleri anısına yapılmıştır. Merkezden yaklaşık 5 km uzaklıktaki şehitlikten önce ve şehitliği geçtikten sonra sahile doğru birçok otel ve restoran tabelası görebilirsiniz. Aynı durum şehrin doğu istikametine doğru giderken de geçerli. Akşam yemeği için bu restoranlardan biri tercih edilmelidir. Tekrar gezimize dönecek olursak, Girne merkezi ve batı tarafındaki Karaoğlanoğlu tarafındaki şehitliği gezdikten sonra bu sefer şehrin doğusuna doğru yol alarak Girne sırtlarındaki Bellapais’e gidiyoruz. Bellapais’te birçok organizasyona ev sahipliği yapan bir manastır yer almaktadır. Ayrıca şehre tepeden bakan bir noktada olduğu için güzel bir şehir ve deniz manzarasına sahip. Gece gidenler manastırın güzel ışıklandırmasına şahit olabilecektir. İlk gün için bu kadar gezi yeter. Tavsiye ettiğim restoranlardan birinde yemek yiyerek istirhata çekilmek ve yeni güne hazırlanmak iyi gelecektir. 2. Gün Yeni güne erken başlamayı ve sıkı bir kahvaltı yapmayı tavsiye ediyorum. Zira gezilecek çok yer ve yürünecek/tırmanılacak çok yol var. Kahvaltıdan sonra henüz daha enerjimiz yerindeyken dağlara doğru yol alıyoruz. Kıbrıs’ın kuzeyinde denize paralel uzanan Beşparmak Dağları, Girne’nin doğusundan başlayıp Karpaz’a doğru uzanmaktadır. Beşparmak Dağları üzerinde üç
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения tane kale bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan en batıdaki St. Hilarion Kalesi Girne’ye en yakın olanı. Ortadaki Buffavento Kalesi Girne’nin doğusuna, Ozanköy’ün arka tarafına düşmektedir. En doğudaki Kantara Kalesi ise Karpaz tarafına daha yakın olduğu için Gazimağusa’da kalındığı günlerde gezilmelidir. St. Hilarion ve Buffavento kalelerinden birini tercih edip gezmek, diğerine gitmemek gerekir. Girne’de iki kaleye birden tırmanmak hem çok yorucu olur, hem de başka yerleri gezmek için ayıracağımız zamanı çalar. Bence her ikisi de güzel. St.Hilarion Kalesi’nin avantajı daha kısa bir yürüyüş ve tırmanış ile ulaşılabilmesidir. Ama bana göre Buffavento Kalesi daha güzel bir manzaraya sahip. Buffavento’yu tercih edenlerin dik merdiven ve patikaları tırmanmaya hazır olması gerekmektedir. Yaz aylarında tırmanacak olanlar güneşin etkisinin nispeten zayıf olduğu saatlerde tırmanmalı ve yanlarına mutlaka su almalıdır. Kaleyi gezdikten sonra araba ile batıya Güzelyurt istikametine doğru gidiyoruz. Girne’ye 32 km mesafede, Güzelyurt yolu üzerindeki Mavi Köşk adada mutlaka görülmesi gereken yerlerden. Kaçakçının köşkü olarak da bilinen Mavi Köşk İtalyan asıllı rum olan Paulo Paolides tarafından 1957 yılında yaptırılmıştır. Mavi Köşk, içinde gizemli bir altın anahtar bulunan gizli kasası, özel olarak uzak doğudan getirtilen dokuz boyutlu güvenlik aynası, kuş tüyü yastıklı stres koltukları, mevsime göre renk değiştiren bukalemun derisinden içki dolabı, kristal şarap bardakları, İtalyan el işi yer döşemeleri, istenirse 24 saat şarap akan aslanlı çeşmesi, özel sirtaki taverna bölümü, köşkün bir çok yerinde bulunan günah çıkarma noktaları, deprem
uyarı cihazı, köşkle bir bütünmüş gibi görünen ancak depremde yıkılmaması için köşkten ayrı olarak ve farklı bir teknikle yaptırılmış deprem odası gibi birçok özelliği ile mutlaka görülmesi gereken yerlerden biri. Köşk askeri bölgenin içerisinde halkın ziyaretine açık tutulmakta ve asker tarafından rehberlik hizmeti verilerek gezilmektedir. Not: Köşk hakkında daha fazla bilgi almak için “kibrismavikosk. com” adresi ziyaret edilebilir. Mavi Köşk’e kadar geldikten sonra 20 km daha devam ederek Güzelyurt’a gidilebilir. Güzelyurt bölgesi narenciye bahçelerine sahip, bu nedenle adanın en yeşil bölgesi. Adanın başka bölgelerinde de yer yer ağaçlık alanlar olsa da genel olarak ülke kurak olduğu için bitki örtüsü zayıf. Kasım Mart döneminde yemyeşil otlarla kaplanan ada, Mart ayından sonra sapsarı bir renge bürünmektedir. Mavi Köşk yakınlarında yol üzerinde bölgenin mahsulü olan portakal ve mandalina suları taze sıkılarak satılmaktadır. Kısa bir mola vererek içilmesini tavsiye ediyorum. Günün kalanında yapılabileceklerden birisi eğer yaz aylarında adaya gittiyseniz Alagadi plajından denize girmek olabilir. Alagadi, caretta carettaların (deniz kaplumbağası) yumurtlama bölgesi olduğu için tesisleşmenin olmadığı temiz bir plajdır. Genellikle ülkede güzel plajlar Mağusa-Karpaz bölgesinde olsa da Girne’nin ender güzel plajlarından, belki de en güzel plajıdır Alagadi. Adaya gidiş yaz aylarına denk gelmediyse meraklısı için kumarhaneye gitmek de tercih edilebilir. 3. Gün İlk iki gün Girne ve Güzelyurt bölgelerindeki önemli yerler gezildikten sonra üçüncü gün sabah otelden çıkış yapılmalıdır. Gün içerisinde Lefkoşa gezilecek ve gece konaklama Gazimağusa’da yapılacaktır. Lefkoşa Girne’den güneye doğru Beşparmak Dağları’nı aşarak 20 - 17 -
km yol aldıktan sonra ülkenin başkenti Lefkoşa’ya ulaşıyoruz. Lefkoşa’da öncelikle eski şehrin yer aldığı Suriçi’ne gidiyoruz. Suriçi’nin bir kısmı Türk, bir kısmı da Rum bölgesinde kalmaktadır. Suriçi’ne Girne Kapısı’ndan giriş yapıyoruz. Girne Kapısı’ndan içeri girince 350 metre sonra Atatürk Meydanı’na gelinir. Meydanda tarihi Venedik Sütunu yer almaktadır. Sütunun sol tarafından devam edilerek Saray Otel’in önünden geçtikten sonra fırsat bulunan ilk yere arabayı park etmek gerekir. Saray Otel’i geçince karşınıza tarihi bir binada hizmet veren İş Bankası çıkacaktır. Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı’nın çok daha öncesinden beri aynı binada faaliyet gösteren İş Bankası’nın solundan yaya olarak devam edildiğinde çarşının içerisine girilir. Çarşıyı gezerken görülmesi gereken yerler Lokmacı Geçidi, Büyük Han, Kumarcılar Hanı, Bandabuliya (Belediye Pazarı, bir nevi üstü kapalı sabit pazar) ve Selimiye Camii’dir. Lokmacı geçidi de dahil olmak üzere Türk-Rum kesimi arasındaki ara bölgeye geçişi sağlayan sınır kapılarında TC vatandaşı iseniz Kuzey Kıbrıs tarafından çıkış yapmanız mümkündür. Ancak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs üzerinden Rum tarafına giriş yapmaları mümkün olmadığından sadece ara bölgeye girebilir, Rum tarafındaki polis kontrolünü geçemezsiniz. Yine de birkaç yüz metre genişliğindeki ara bölgeye girmenizi tavsiye ederim. Lefkoşa’da Lokmacı Geçidi dışında Ledra Palas sınır kapısında da bunu tecrübe edebilirsiniz. Çarşıyı gezdikten sonra ara sokaklardan geçerek doğu istikametine doğru giderek Yiğitler Burcu Parkı’na varıyoruz. Park tam sınır bölgesinde olup, arada herhangi bir güvenli ara bölge olmadığından tel örgülerin öteki tarafındaki Rum bölgesini en rahat görebileceğiniz yer burasıdır. Suriçi, yani eski şehir gezisini böylelikle tamamlayarak arabaya dönüyoruz ve Lefkoşa gezimize devam ediyoruz. Lefkoşa’da
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения Suriçi’ni gezmek yaklaşık 2-3 saat zaman almaktadır. Suriçi’ne giriş yaptığımız Girne Kapısı’ndan geri çıkış yaptığımızda, trafiğin akış istikametine uyarak sola dönüyoruz. 250 metre sonra karşımıza çıkan meydandan sağa dönüldüğünde girilen caddede hemen soldaki ilk bina Meclis binasıdır. Meclisin karşısında yolun sağ tarafındaki ilk bina ise TC Büyükelçiliği’dir. Meclisi 200 metre kadar geçince ise solda Merkez Bankası yer almaktadır. Girne Kapısı’ndan çıktıktan 250 metre sonra vardığımız meydandan düz karşıya devam ettiğimizde ise 750 metre sonra ana yol sağa döner ve Dereboyu başlar. Dereboyu Lefkoşa’nın yeme-içme konusunda en iddialı caddesidir. Şehrin bir çok iddialı restoran ve kafeleri bu cadde üzerindedir. Öğlen yemeği saati de çoktan gelmiş olduğundan Dereboyu’ndaki mekanlardan birinde yemek yenilebilir. Dereboyu’na giriş yaparken ana yolu dirsek yaparak sağa döndüğümüz yerde, tam ters istikamete yani sola dönmemiz halinde ise Ledra Palas sınır kapısına doğru gitmiş oluruz. Öğle yemeğini yedikten sonra arabaya binmeden önce Dereboyu’ndaki Barbarlık Müzesi’ne gidiyoruz. 1963 yılında Kıbrıs Türk Kuvvetleri Alayı’nda görevli Binbaşı Nihat İlhan’ın evinin EOKA’ya bağlı Rum çetecileri tarafından basılmasıyla Binbaşı’nın ailesi bu evde katledilmiştir. Ev müzeleştirilerek ziyarete açılmıştır. Dereboyu’ndan kuzeye, Lefkoşa’yı diğer şehirlere bağlayan çevreyoluna doğru giderken yol üzerinde Rauf Denktaş’ın mezarını ziyaret ediyoruz ve yavaş yavaş Lefkoşa’yı terk ediyoruz. Çevreyolunda Gazimağusa istikametine yani doğuya yöneliyoruz. Henüz Lefkoşa’dan tam olarak çıkmadan önce Hamitköy bölgesinde yolun sol tarafında, Kıbrıslı Türkler’in önderi Dr. Fazıl Küçük’ün anıt
mezarını görmek ve ziyaret etmek mümkündür. Lefkoşa’dan Gazimağusa’ya doğru yol alırken, yolun sol tarafındaki Beşparmak Dağları’nın bize bakan yüzünde zemine işlenmiş ve ışıklandırılmış Dünya’nın en büyük bayrağını görüyoruz. Gazimağusa Lefkoşa Gazimağusa arası yaklaşık 55 km. Ancak Gazimağusa’ya varmadan önce yol üzerinde gezilecek yerler var. Bunları gezdikten sonra Gazimağusa’ya varmamız akşamüstünü bulacaktır. 1974 yılında gerçekleşen Barış Harekatı›ndan sonra geri çekilirken EOKA’nın katliam yaptığı üç köy olan Muratağa, Sandallar ve Atlılar köylerindeki şehitler için yapılan iki şehitliğe gidiyoruz. Şehitlikleri ziyaret ettikten sonra Gazimağusa’ya biraz daha yaklaşarak St. Barnabas Manastırı’na varıyoruz. Manastır, Bağımsız Ortodoks Kilisesi’nin kurucularından Aziz Barnabas adına yapılmıştır ve günümüzde ikon ve arkeoloji müzesi olarak ziyaretçileri kabul etmektedir. Sabahtan beri gezilen yerler nedeniyle yorgunluk kendini hissettirmeye başlayacağı ve akşam saatleri de geldiği için bugünlük gezilerimizi sonlandırıp otele gitmenin zamanı geldi. 4. Gün Her ne kadar Gazimağusa’nın gezilecek yerlerinin henüz tamamı gezilmemiş olsa da en fazla km kat edilecek güne geldiğimiz için vakitlice yola koyulup Karpaz istikametine doğru yola koyuluyoruz. Adanın kuzeydoğusundaki sivri uçta yer alan Karpaz, bölgenin en sonundaki Zafer Burnu’na kadar gidilmesi halinde Gazimağusa’dan yaklaşık 105 km uzaklıktadır. Yolun özellikle son bölümleri oldukça kötü olduğundan yolculuğun yaklaşık 1 saat 45 dakika sürebileceğini
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söyleyebilirim. Yol üzerinde Kıbrıs’ın en doğal, en büyük ve en güzel plajlarından biri olan Altın Kumsal’dan geçilecektir. Zafer Burnu’na yaklaştıkça mola verilerek ziyaret edilebilecek bir başka gezi noktası ise Apostolos Andreas Manastırı’dır. Karpaz’daki yarımadanın uçtaki kısımları Karpaz Milli Parkı olup, bölgede çok sayıda eşek görmek mümkündür. Gazimağusa’ya dönüş yolunda Boğaz’da yemek molası verilmelidir. Sabah Gazimağusa’dan çıkarak Karpaz’ı gezip, geri dönüş yolunda Boğaz’a varmak en az dört saat zaman alacaktır. Bu nedenle yemek saatinin çoktan geldiğini söyleyebilirim. Boğaz, Gazimağusa’ya yaklaşık 25 km mesafede küçük bir sahil kasabasıdır. Sahildeki 3-4 restorandan birinde balık yenilebilir. Yemek molasından sonra dileyenler Kantara Kalesi’ne gidebilir. Daha önceden de belirttiğim gibi Kantara Kalesi Beşparmak Dağları’ndaki üç kaleden biri olup, en doğuda yer alanıdır. Boğaz‘a 14 km mesafededir, ancak yolu kaleye yaklaştıkça iyice dar ve virajlı bir hal aldığından kaleye ulaşmak yaklaşık 25 dakika kadar sürecektir. Arabayla kalenin eteklerine geldikten sonra kaleye beş dakikada tırmanmak mümkündür. Kaleden Karpaz yarımadasının hem kuzey, hem de güney sahillerini görmek mümkün. Kantara Kalesi’nden sonra yorucu Karpaz yolu ve Kantara Kalesi gezileri nedeniyle bugünlük geziyi tamamlamak gerekecektir. Gazimağusa’ya yaklaşırken yol üzerinde birçok plaj olduğunu göreceksiniz. Bunlardan birine gidebilir, ya da otele giderek istirahat edebilirsiniz. Gazimağusa yolundaki
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения plajlardan bazıları Glapsides, Silver Beach ve Kocareis’tir. Benim tercihim her zaman Glapsides’den yana olmuştur. 5. Gün Geldik tatilin son gününe. Bugün Gazimağusa’da gezilmesi gereken yerleri gezerek akşam uçağı ile ülkeden ayrılacağız. Günün ilk gezi noktası merkezden kuzeye, yani Karpaz istikametine doğru giderken yaklaşık 10 km mesafedeki Salamis Antik Kenti›dir. Geçmişi M.Ö. 11. yüzyıla uzanan Salamis’te surlar, antik Tiyatro, Roma Villası, Sarnıç ve Agora bulunmaktadır. Salamis Antik Kenti’ni gezdikten sonra merkezdeki eski şehri gezmek için Suriçi’ne gidiyoruz. Suriçi’nde gezilmesi gereken yerler Lala Mustafa Paşa Camii, Sinan Paşa Camii, Namık Kemal Meydanı›ndaki Namık Kemal Zindanı ve Müzesi’dir. Birbirine çok kısa mesafede yer alan ve yaya olarak gezilen bu eserleri gezmek yarım saat alacaktır. Suriçi’ni gezdikten sonra arabaya tekrar binerek bu kez güneye, sınır bölgesine doğru hareket ediyoruz. Palm Beach Oteli’nin arkasına arabayı park ederek kapalı Maraş Bölgesi’nin önündeki plaja giriyoruz. Burası, savaştan önce canlı bir turizm bölgesi olan, sahil boyunca otellerin sıralandığı, ancak savaş sonrasında girişi yasaklanan bir hayalet şehir. Bu hayalet şehri kısmen de olsa görebileceğiniz tek yer Palm Beach Otel ile kapalı Maraş arasında kalan bu küçük plaj. Böylelikle Kuzey Kıbrıs gezimizi tamamlamış oluyoruz. Adaya ilk kez gidecek ve kültür turu yapmak isteyenlere 4 gece 5 günlük bir tatil öneriyorum. *** Due to the fact that my wife is a citizen of the Northern Cyprus, I have
visited the country many times and have been to almost all of its regions. Using my observations and experience, I have prepared a travelling plan for those who want to visit the Northern Cyprus. A large part of my plan, established in accordance with the principles of our website is the tour of the historical and cultural places, while the descriptions of the sea and gambling tourism take a minimum of space. As the country is small, it is possible to travel it all, just stopping in one center. But in order to see more, spending less time on the road, it would be correct to divide the country into two parts and staying at any of two centers in these areas. To visit the cities of Nicosia and Kyrenia in the central part and Guzelyurt in the west, you need to stay in Girne (Kyrenia), and to explore Gazimagusa (Famagusta) in the eastern and Karpas in the northeastern part of the country it is better to stay in Famagusta. Northern Cyprus is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, with the officially stated population of around 260 thousand, but in reality it is claimed to be more. You can get here from Turkey by plane from several cities, or by ship or ferry from Mersin. Note: Since the Turkish citizens can enter the Northern Cyprus with their ID cards, passport is not needed. Although the average standard of living is higher than in Turkey, economic hardship caused by embargo continues since the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974 to the present day. In a country with a minimal public transport almost every adult owns a car. Therefore, I made a plan specifically for travelling with a car rented at the airport. Note: The traffic in the country is on the left, so the car steering wheel is on the right. Those, who wish to - 19 -
rent a car, must take this fact into consideration. Usually car hire companies do not lease cars to individuals under 25 years of age, and the minimum rental period set by the companies is 3 days. Here you can meet many Turkish citizens, who serve in the army in the North Cyprus, come on holiday or to study at the local universities. In addition, the number of people who moved to the island from Turkey to work is quite high. I want to remind you that in countries with hot climate it is rather hot in May-October. If you do not aim to swim in the sea, March-April and October-November are ideal for sightseeing. Having given general information about the country, I start the explanation of the travel route. Day 1 We begin our tour of the Cyprus in a car rented at the airport. In order to do so, you must make a reservation a few days before your arrival in Cyprus. Only in this case the car you have hired will be ready at the airport at the scheduled time. Kyrenia (Girne) First of all, we go to Kyrenia and leave our luggage at the hotel. Distance from Ercan Airport to Kyrenia - 42 kilometers. Note: In Cyprus, in the cities and on the road between the towns the traffic is controlled by speed cameras. Road signs indicate the speed limits before you approach a camera. You must control the speed of your car according to these signs. Kyrenia offers a wide selection of hotels of different styles. Once you have checked in any Kyrenia hotel that suits your requirements, we begin a tour of Kyrenia. You can leave your car in the parking lot in the center of Kyrenia near Ramadan Cemil square or on the street by the Kyrenia castle. For visiting of the historic Kyrenia castle you will need 1-2 hours. On the territory of the fortress there are: an ancient
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения church, a sarcophagus, towers and dungeons, apart from which there is also the Sunken Ship Museum. After visiting the castle you can shed the road and tour fatigue walking along the harbor to the one of the cafes, located one behind the other. Then you can wander through the narrow Kyrenia streets, leading up from the harbor and thus getting into the commercial part of the city. After visiting this part of Girne, we return to the car to go to other tourist sites. Kyrenia is a city, extending parallel to the coast. With the city center in the middle of the route, west of the center lays the district of Karaoglanoglu and by traveling east, you get into Ozankoy. During a trip in the western direction be sure to visit the Karaoglanoglu memorial. This memorial was built to commemorate the soldiers of the Turkish army, who lost their lives during the Cyprus Peace Operation. Before and after the memorial, which is located about 5 kilometers from the city center, by the sea, you will see numerous signs of hotels and restaurants. The same thing happens if you go from the center to the east. Choose one of these restaurants for dinner. Let us return to our journey, and after walking around the center of Kyrenia and visiting the memorial in Karaoglanoglu in the west, this time we take the road to the east of the center to Bellapais, situated in the mountains behind Kyrenia. A monastery which houses a variety of events is located in Bellapais. In addition, from its location high above the city you can admire the magnificent sea and city views. Those, who visit the monastery at night, will witness the beautiful lighting of the monastery. Enough excursions for the first day. To dine at one of the
restaurants that I recommended and to retreat to rest and prepare for a new day will do you good. Day 2 I advise you to start a new day early and have a hearty breakfast. After all, you have to visit so many places and to walk/climb so many paths. Immediately after breakfast, while you are still full of energy, head for the mountains. Besparmak Mountains in Northern Cyprus extend parallel to the sea, starting east of Kyrenia and ending on the Karpas. There are three castles in the Besparmak Mountains. St. Hilarion castle- the most western one, is located closest to Kyrenia. Castle in the middle - Bufavento is situated east of Kyrenia behind the village of Ozankoy. And the most easterly of them – Kantara, is closer to Karpas, so should be examined during your stay in Famagusta. You must select one of the two castles - St. Hilarion or Bufavento and visit only one, because the rise in the mountains twice will be very difficult; besides the time allotted to visit other places will be spent. I believe that both castles are good. The advantage of St. Hilarion is that the road which you need to climb up to get to the castle is shorter. But to my taste, Bufavento offers more beautiful views. Those, who prefer Bufavento, need to be prepared to overcome the steep climb up the stairs and paths. Visiting the castle in the summer should be done at a time when the effect of the sun is relatively weak, always taking water with them. After visiting the castle we head by car to the west, toward the town of Guzelyurt. Mavi Köşk (The Blue Villa in Turkish), located 32 km from Girne on the road to Guzelyurt, is one of the mustsee places on the island. Known as - 20 -
the Smuggler’s Villa, Mavi Köşk was built in 1957 by the Greek Cypriot of Italian origin Paulo Paolides. In the Blue House there are: hidden safe with encrypted golden key, nine-dimension security mirror, brought from the Far East, antistress armchairs and sofas with cushions of bird feathers, bar of chameleon leather that changes color depending on the season, crystal glasses and handmade Italian rugs, a lion fountain, from which the wine could flow for 24 hours, if needed; a private Sirtaki tavern. Confessionals in many places in the house and seismic equipment and a room to hide during earthquakes, which is no different from other places in the house, but was built with special technology to prevent its destruction during earthquakes, are other must-sees of the villa. Located in the military area, the house is open to visitors, and the soldiers themselves are the guides of this unusual museum. Note: For more information about the house, please visit the Internet site “kibrismavikosk. com”. Having come as far as Mavi Köşk, you can drive another 20 kilometers to get to Guzelyurt. This area is considered as the most green as citrus orchards of the North Cyprus are located in Guzelyurt. While other areas are covered by trees in some places, the vegetation in general is quite poor due to lack of water. The island is covered with emeraldgreen grass in NovemberMarch, which turns yellow after March. But I think, that to go to Guzelyurt to just look at the citrus orchards, is not necessary. It is better to return to Kyrenia to spend the rest of the day there. On the roadside near Mavi Köşk fresh orange and tangerine juice from fruits grown in the area is
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения being sold. I advise you to take a little break and have a drink of juice. If you come to the island in summer, you can spend the rest of the day swimming in the sea at Alagadi beach. Since Alagadi is a nestling place for the sea turtles Caretta Caretta, the area is not built up and the beach is clean. All the best beaches of the country are mainly located from Famagusta to Karpas, but Alagadi is one of the few beautiful beaches in Kyrenia. If the visit to the island did not come for the summer period, those who like can play in casinos. Day 3 Having visited the most important places in Kyrenia and Guzelyurt in the first two days, on the morning of the third day you need to check out of the hotel. During the day – Nicosia tour, and for the night it is necessary to stay in Famagusta. Nicosia Heading south from Kyrenia through the Besparmak Mountains go for another 20 km to get into the capital city of Nicosia. First of all, visit the old city of Nicosia, located inside the city walls Suriçi. Part of Surici is located on the territory of the North Cyprus, the other part - on the Greek side. We enter Surici through Kyrenia Gate. Going another 350 meters from Kyrenia Gate, we arrive at Ataturk Square. Here stands an ancient Venetian column. Passing on the left of the column to the hotel Saray, park the car into the first convenient place. Having passed Saray Hotel, you come to a historic building, which houses the Turkish bank Iş Bankasi. The bank has been occupying this building long before the Cyprus Peace Operation. Rounding the bank
building on the left by foot, we get into the commercial quarter of the city. While walking through the shopping area, you must visit: the border checkpoint Lokmaci, Buyuk Han (The Great Inn), Gamblers’ Inn, Bandabulya, which is an indoor municipal market, and the Selimiye Mosque. Through check-points, including Lokmaci, which were set to enter the buffer zone between the Northern Cyprus and the Greek side, you can leave the Northern part. However, citizens of the Turkish Republic cannot go to the southern part of the island from the North Cyprus, so you can just enter the buffer zone, and the Greek police will not let you further. But I would still advise you to visit the buffer zone and inspect the area, several hundred meters wide. In addition to Lokmaci, there is another pedestrian transition check-point Ledra Palace (Ledra Palas), which you can visit. After a stroll through the commercial quarter of the city, go east through the back streets to arrive at the park Yigitler Burcu. The park is located right on the border and is not separated by any buffer zone, so here you can inspect a part of the South Cyprus through the barbed wire. Thus completing a walk through the old town in Surici, we go back into the car to continue our tour of Nicosia. Walking through the ancient Nicosia takes 2-3 hours. Leave Surici through the same Kyrenia Gate, turn left in the direction of the traffic. Turning to the right on the first roundabout, the first on the left we see the building of the North Cyprus Mejlis (Parliament). A building opposite the Parliament, on the right side of the road is the TR embassy. Again, 200 meters after the Mejlis building is the Central Bank of the North Cyprus. If you drive straight from the round-about, which is found 250 meters from Kyrenia Gate, after 750 meters the road turns to the - 21 -
right. Here begins the area called Dereboyu - the most popular in terms of drink & eat street in Nicosia. Many of the capital’s most prestigious restaurants and cafes are located here. And since the time for lunch has come, you can eat in one of these places on Dereboyu. After lunch, before getting into the car, walk to the Museum of Barbarism, located here, on Dereboyu. In 1963, the house of Major Nihat Ilhan, who served in the Turkish Cyprus army, was raided down by the Greek Cypriot extremists, supporters of EOKA, and the whole family was killed. The house was turned into a museum open to visitors. In the northern part of Dereboyu, on the way to the bypass road connecting Nicosia with other cities, we visit the grave of Rauf Denktash, and then leave the city of Nicosia, heading to the east towards Famagusta. Just before leaving Nicosia behind, near Hamitkoy you can see and visit the grave of the Turkish Cypriots’ leader Fazil Kucuk. Heading from Nicosia to Famagusta, on the left in the Besparmak Mountains you can see the world’s largest flag, painted onto the side of the mountain - which is illuminated at night. Famagusta (Gazimagusa) The distance between Nicosia and Famagusta is about 55 km. There are many different places to visit before you enter the city. After touring all of these places, we’ll arrive in Famagusta in the evening. We go to see the two memorials, dedicated to the victims of EOKA, killed in 1974 in three villages Murataga, Sandallar and Atlilar during the retreat of the Greeks during the Cyprus Peace Operation. Having looked at the memorials, we arrive in the monastery of St.Barnabas, located further towards Famagusta. The monastery was built in honor of St. Barnabas, one of the founders of the Autocephalous Orthodox
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения Church, and is open to visitors as Icon and Archaeological Museum. Being on your feet since morning, by this time you’ll already feel tired. And with the advent of the evening it is the time to stop our journey and get in a hotel for the night. Day 4 Despite the fact that we have not visited all the attractions in Famagusta, we start our day early to cover the longest way, and today we drive towards Karpas. To get to the extreme point at the northeast of Karpas, which is called Zafer Burnu from Famagusta, you will need to drive about 105 km. Since the last stretches of the road are in pretty bad shape, I can say that the journey takes about 1 hour 45 minutes. On the way you will pass one of the longest, most pristine and most beautiful beaches of Cyprus, Golden Sands. Another tourist destination to visit, taking a break on the way to Zafer Burnu is Apostolos Andreas Monastery. The Karpas National Park is located in the far-end of the Karpas Peninsula and here you will see many wild donkeys. Returning to Famagusta, be sure to dine at Bogaz. Trip to the Karpas with departure from Famagusta in the early morning until arrival on the way back to Bogaz will take at least four hours. Therefore I can say that lunch time has come long ago. Bogaz - a small coastal village located 25 km from Famagusta. You can eat fish in one of the 3-4 restaurants on the seafront. After lunch, those who wish can visit Kantara Castle. As I said earlier, Kantara is one of the three castles in the Besparmak Mountains located on the east, 14 km from Bogaz but the road on approaching the castle narrows and meanders so much that you will
need 25 minutes to drive there. You can reach the foot of the castle by car, and the climb to the castle takes 5 minutes. From the height of the castle ruins, you can see the northern and southern outskirts of the Karpas peninsula. After Kantara we’ll have to finish off our day of travel, as the journey to the Karpas and inspection of the castle are tiring. Approaching Famagusta you will see many beaches. You can either go to one of those beaches, or go to the hotel to rest. Here are some of the beaches of Famagusta: Glapsides, Silver and Kocareis. I always chose Glapsides. Day 5
Now we have come to the final day of our trip. We have to visit the last of the places to see in Famagusta, and fly out of the country with the evening plane. Our first excursion for today is the ancient city of Salamis, located 10 km north of the city center, that is, on the road to Karpas. In Salamis, which history goes to the 11th century BC, you will see the ruins of the ancient walls, the ancient theater, the Roman palace, the tank water and the agora. After viewing the ruins of Salamis, we’ll head back to the center to visit the old city surrounded by city walls (suriçi - surichi). It is necessary to see the Lala Mustafa Pasha mosque, Sinan Pasha Mosque and in Namik Kemal Square, a prison and museum of Namik Kemal. To visit all these places, which are located very close to each other, you can go on foot and it will take you half an hour. Having visited the old city, we drive our car in the direction of the border. Park behind the hotel Palm Beach and go to the located front of closed of the
beach in the area
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city Maras (Maraş). This is - a ghost town, a popular before the war tourist center with hotels, located one behind the other along the coast. Later this part of the city was closed and the entrance is forbidden. The only place where you can at least partially inspect this ghost town is this very small beach between Palm Beach Hotel and the closed area of Maras. We have completed our tour of the TRNC now. For those, who visit the island for the first time, I recommend a vacation for 5 days and 4 nights. Distance between Famagusta and Ercan airport is about 50 km. *** В связи с тем, что моя жена является гражданкой Северный Кипр, я посетил эту страну много раз и побывал практически во всех её уголках. Используя свои наблюдения и опыт, я подготовил план путешествий для желающих посетить Северный Кипр. Большая часть моего плана, созданного в соответствии с принципами нашего интернетсайта, является экскурсией по историческим и культурным местам, в то время как описаниям морского и игорного туризма отводится минимум места. Поскольку страна занимает небольшую площадь, можно объездить её всю, просто остановившись на проживание в каком-то одном центре. Но для того, чтобы больше увидеть, израсходовав меньше времени на дорогу, правильнее будет разделить страну условно на две части и останавливаться на проживание в какомто определённом центре в этих двух районах. Чтобы объехать центральную часть
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения страны с городами Лефкоша, Гирнэ и Гюзельюрт, нужно остановиться в Гирнэ (Кирения), а для путешествий по Газимагусе (Фамагуста) в восточной и Карпазу в северо-восточной части страны лучше остановиться в Фамагусте. Северный Кипр – это островное государство в Средиземном море, население которого по официальным данным составляет около 260 тысяч, но некоторые утверждают, что на самом деле население страны намного больше. Из Турции в страну можно попасть либо самолётами, которые вылетают из нескольких городов, либо на судне или пароме из Мерсина. Примечание: Поскольку граждане Турции могут попасть в Северный Кипр по идентификационной карте, в паспорте нет необходимости. Хотя средний уровень жизни выше, чем в Турции, экономические трудности из-за эмбарго продолжаются со времён освободительной операции 1974 года до нынешних дней. В стране с минимальным общественным транспортом почти каждый взрослый является владельцем машины. И я составил свой план специально для путешествий на арендованном в аэропорту автомобиле. Примечание: Движение в стране – левостороннее, поэтому руль находится справа. Желающие арендовать авто должны хорошенько учесть этот факт. Как правило, компании по прокату машин не сдают их в аренду лицам младше 25 лет, а минимальный срок аренды автомобиля составляет 3 дня. Здесь
можно встретить многочисленных турецких граждан, которые служат в армии на территории Северный Кипр, приехали на отдых или на обучение в университетах страны. Кроме того, количество граждан, переехавших на остров из Турции с целью работы, достаточно высоко. Хочу напомнить, что в стране, обладающей жарким климатом, период с мая по октябрь является довольно знойным. Если ваша цель – не море, тогда март-апрель и октябрь-ноябрь являются самыми идеальными месяцами для путешествий. Предоставив общую информацию о стране, начинаю свой рассказ о маршруте путешествий. 1-й день. Мы начинаем нашу экскурсию по Северный Кипр на арендованной в аэропорту машине. Для того, чтобы арендовать авто в аэропорту, необходимо сделать бронирование за несколько дней до прибытия на Кипр. Только в этом случае арендованная машина будет готова к вашим услугам в аэропорту в назначенное вами время. Гирнэ Для начала мы отправляемся в Гирнэ и оставляем свои вещи в отеле. Расстояние от аэропорта Эрджан до Гирнэ – 42 километра. Примечание: На Кипре в городах и на трассах между городами скорость движения контролируется камерами. Дорожные знаки указывают на ограничения скорости по мере приближения к камерам. Вы обязаны контролировать скорость вашего авто по этим знакам. Гирнэ располагает широким выбором отелей разных стилей. После того, как вы разместились в Гирнэ в отеле по вашему предпочтению, начинаем экскурсию по Гирнэ. Вы можете оставить ваш автомобиль на парковке в центре - 23 -
Гирнэ возле площади им. Рамадана Джемиля или на улице у Киренийской крепости. Для экскурсии по исторической Киренийской крепости вам понадобится 1-2 часа. На территории крепости размещаются: старинная церковь, саркофаг, пушки и казематы; кроме того здесь есть Музей затонувшего корабля. После посещения крепости предоставляется возможность сбросить дорожную усталость, пройдясь вдоль гавани, или в одном из кафе, расположенных друг за другом. Затем можно побродить по узким улочкам Гирнэ, ведущим вверх от гавани, и попасть в торговую часть города. После посещения этой части Гирнэ мы возвращаемся к машине, чтобы отправиться к другим туристическим местам. Гирнэ – город, простирающийся параллельно морскому побережью. Центр города находиться посредине маршрута; на запад от центра находится район Караогланоглу, путешествуя на восток, попадаете в Озанкёй. Во время поездки в западном направлении обязательно посетите мемориал Karaoğlanoğlu Şehitliği («Караогланоглу Шехитлии»). Этот мемориал был построен в память погибшим военнослужащим турецкой армии при освободительной операции. До и после мемориала, расположенного приблизительно в 5 километрах от центра, со стороны моря, вы увидите многочисленные указатели отелей и ресторанов. То же происходит, если ехать от центра в восточном направлении. Выберите один из этих ресторанов для ужина. Вернёмся же к нашему путешествию и после прогулок по центру Гирнэ и посещения мемориала в Караогланоглу в западном направлении направимся по дороге на восток от центра в Беллапаис, в горы позади Гирнэ. В Беллапаисе находится монастырь, где устраиваются разнообразные
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения мероприятия. Кроме того, с места его расположения высоко над городом можно полюбоваться великолепными морскими и городскими видами. Посетившие монастырь ночью станут свидетелями красивой подсветки монастыря. Для первого дня столько экскурсий достаточно. Хорошо будет поужинать в одном из порекомендованных мною ресторанов и отправится отдыхать, чтобы подготовиться к новому дню. 2-й день. Я советую начать новый день с раннего подъёма и плотного завтрака. Ведь предстоит посетить столько разных мест и пройти столько дорог. Сразу после завтрака, пока вы ещё полны энергии, направляемся в горы. Горы Бешпармак на Северном Кипре, простирающиеся параллельно морю, начинаются на восток от Гирнэ и заканчиваются на Карпазе. В горах Бешпармак находится три замка. Замок Св. Иллариона – самый западный и расположен ближе всех к Гирнэ. Замок посредине – Буфавенто, который находится на восток от Гирнэ позади деревни Озанкёй. И самый восточный из них – Кантара расположен ближе к Карпазу, поэтому должен быть исследован во время проживания в Фамагусте. Нужно выбрать один из двух замков – Св. Иллариона или Буфавенто и посетить только один, поскольку подниматься в горы два раза будет очень сложно, к тому же время, отведённое на посещение других мест, будет потрачено. Я считаю, что оба замка хороши. Преимущество Св. Иллариона заключается в том, что дорога, по которой нужно подняться вверх, чтобы попасть в замок, короче. Но на мой вкус, из Буфавенто открываются более красивые виды.
Предпочтившим Буфавенто нужно быть готовым к преодолению крутого подъёма по лестнице и тропинкам. Посещающие замок летом должны подниматься в то время, когда солнце не палит в полную силу, обязательно захватив с собой воду. После посещения замка направляемся на автомобиле на запад, в сторону города Гюзельюрт. Mavi Köşk (Мави Кёшк), в переводе с турецкого «голубой дом», расположенный в 32 км от Гирнэ на дороге в Гюзельюрт, является одним из мест острова, которые нужно непременно увидеть. Известный как вилла контрабандиста, Mavi Köşk был построен в 1957 году греком-киприотом итальянского происхождения Пауло Паолидесом. В Голубом доме находятся: скрытый сейф с зашифрованным золотым ключом, девятимерное зеркало безопасности, привезённое с Дальнего Востока, антистрессовые кресла и диваны с подушками из птичьего пуха, бар из кожи хамелеона, меняющий цвет в зависимости от сезона, хрустальные бокалы, итальянские коврики ручной работы, фонтан со львом, откуда вино могло литься при необходимости 24 часа, специальное место для сиртаки таверны. Во многих местах дома обустроены исповедальни, сейсмические приборы. Существует даже комната, где можно спрятаться во время землетрясений. Комната ничем не отличается от других мест в доме, но построена с применением особых технологий, предотвращающих её разрушение во время землетрясений. Находящийся на территории военной части дом открыт для посетителей, а сами солдаты являются экскурсоводами этого необычного музея.
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Примечание: Для более подробной информации о доме посетите интернет сайт “kibrismavikosk.com”. Приехав в Mavi Köşk, можно проехать ещё 20 км, чтобы попасть в Гюзельюрт. Этот район считается самым зелёным, поскольку в Гюзельюрте находятся цитрусовые сады Северный Кипр. Хотя и в других областях местами встречаются деревья, в основном растительность довольно бедная из-за нехватки воды. Остров, покрывающийся изумрудно-зелёной травой в ноябре-марте, окрашивается в жёлтый после марта. Но я считаю, что ехать в Гюзельюрт для того, чтобы просто посмотреть на цитрусовые сады, не нужно. Лучше вернуться в Гирнэ, чтобы провести там остаток дня. На обочинах дороги в районе Mavi Köşk продают свежевыжатые апельсиновые и мандариновые соки из плодов, выращенных в этой местности. Я советую вам сделать небольшой перерыв и выпить сока. Если вы приехали на остров летом, то можете провести остаток дня, купаясь в море на пляже Алагади. Поскольку Алагади является местом кладки яиц морских черепах каретта каретта, район не застроен и пляж чист. Все самые лучшие пляжи страны в основном расположены от Фамагусты до Карпаза, но Алагади является одним из немногих живописных пляжей Гирнэ. Если же приезд на остров пришёлся не на летний период, те, кому нравится, могут поиграть в казино. 3-й день. Посетив самые важные места в Гирнэ и Гюзельюрте первые два утром в дня,
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения третьего дня необходимо выехать из отеля. Днём – прогулки по Лефкоше, а на ночь надо остановиться в Фамагусте. Лефкоша Направившись из Гирнэ на юг через горы Бешпармак и преодолев 20 км, попадаем в Лефкошу. Прежде всего в Лефкоше идём смотреть старый город, расположенный за крепостными стенами (Suriçi - Суричи). Часть Суричи находится на территории Северный Кипр, другая часть – на греческой стороне. В Суричи мы попадаем через Киренийские ворота (Гирнэ капысы). Пройдя от Киренийских ворот 350 метров, приходим на площадь Ататюрка (Ататюрк мейданы). На площади возвышается древняя венецианская колонна. Проехав слева от колонны к отелю Saray, необходимо припарковать машину в первом попавшемся удобном месте. Дальше за отелем Saray возвышается старинное здание, в котором размещается турецкий банк İş Bankası (Иш банкасы), который находился в этом здании задолго до кипрской освободительной операции. Обогнув пешком здание банка слева, попадаем в торговую часть города. Гуляя по торговому району, необходимо посетить: переход Локмаджи (Lokmacı Geçidi – Локмаджи Гечиди), Бююк Хан (Büyük Han), Кумарджилар Ханы (Kumarcılar Hanı), Бандабулья (Bandabulya), которая представляет собой крытый муниципальный рынок и мечеть Селимие (Selimiye Camii – Селимие джамии). Через пропускные пункты, включающие и Локмаджи, которые обустроены для перехода в буферную зону между Северный Кипр и греческой частью, можно покинуть пределы Северный
Кипр. Однако граждане Турецкой республики не могут попасть на южную часть острова из Северный Кипр, поэтому вы можете пройти только в буферную зону, а дальше греческая полиция вас не пропустит. Но я бы посоветовал вам туда попасть и посмотреть на эту территорию, шириной в несколько сот метров. Помимо Локмаджи, в Лефкоше есть ещё переход Ледра Палас (Ledra Palas), куда вы также можете попасть. После прогулки по торговой части города направимся по задним улицам на восток и выйдем к парку Йиитлер Бурджу (Yiğitler Burcu). Поскольку парк расположен на самой границе и не отделён какой-либо буферной зоной, через проволочные заграждения отсюда можно лучше всего рассмотреть часть южного Кипра. Завершив таким образом прогулку по старому городу Суричи, вернёмся в машину, чтобы продолжить нашу экскурсию по Лефкоше. Прогулка по древней Лефкоше занимает 2-3 часа. Выехав из Суричи через те же Киренийские ворота, поворачиваем влево, в соответствии с направлением движения. Повернув вправо на первом кругу, первым слева мы увидим здание Меджлиса Северный Кипр. А здание напротив Меджлиса, по правой стороне дороги, это посольство ТР. Опять же, через 200 метров от Меджлиса располагается здание Центрального банка Северный Кипр. Если проехать от круга, который находится в 250 метрах от Киренийских ворот, прямо, через 750 метров дорога поворачивает вправо. Здесь начинается район Деребою – самая популярная в плане выпить-покушать улица Лефкоши. Многие из престижных столичных ресторанов и кафе находятся именно - 25 -
здесь. А раз уж время обеда давно наступило, можно покушать в одном из заведений на Деребою. Пообедав, прежде, чем сесть в машину, пройдёмся к Музею варварства (Barbarlık Müzesi – Барбарлык Мюзеси), расположенного здесь же, на Деребою. В 1963 году в дом майора Нихата Ильхана, служившего в турко-киприотской армии, ворвались греко-киприотские экстремисты, приверженцы ЭОКА, и убили всю семью. Дом, превращённый в музей, открыт для посетителей. В северной части Деребою, по пути к объездной дороге, соединяющей Лефкошу с другими городами, посетим могилу Рауфа Денкташа, а затем потихоньку выезжаем из Лефкоши. По объездной направляемся в сторону Фамагусты, то есть, на восток. Не выехав ещё полностью за пределы Лефкоши, в районе Хамиткёй можно увидеть и посетить могилу лидера турецких киприотов Фазыла Кючюка. Направляясь из Лефкоши в Фамагусту, по левую сторону, в горах Бешпармак увидите самый большой в мире флаг, выложенный по склону, - флаг Северный Кипр, который светится по ночам. Фамагуста (Газимагуса) Расстояние между Лефкошей и Фамагустой – около 55 км. Прежде, чем въехать в сам город, существует много разнообразных мест для посещения.После прогулки по всем этим местам наше прибытие в Фамагусту придётся на ранний вечер. Едем посетить два мемориала, посвящённых жертвам ЕОКА, убитым в 1974 году в трёх деревнях Муратага, Сандаллар и Атлылар во время отступления греков в ходе Кипрской освободительной операции. Посмотрев мемориалы, прибываем в монастырь Св. Варнавы, приближаясь к Фамагусте дальше. Монастырь был построен в честь одного из основателей автокефальной
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения православной церкви Святого Варнавы и открыт для посетителей как музей икон и археологический музей. Находясь на ногах с самого утра, к этому времени вы уже почувствуете усталость. А с приходом вечера самое время прекратить наше путешествие и устроиться на ночлег в отеле. День 4-й. Не смотря на то, что мы посетили далеко не все интересные места в Фамагусте, мы выезжаем заранее и направляемся в сторону Карпаза, так как нам придётся отмерить больше всего километров именно сегодня. Если добираться до крайней точки расположенного на северо-востоке Карпаза, которая носит название Зафер Бурну (Zafer Burnu), от Фамагусты, понадобится преодолеть расстояние около 105 км. Поскольку последние отрезки дороги находятся в довольно плохом состоянии, я могу сказать, что путешествие займёт около 1 часа 45 минут. По дороге вы будете проезжать один из самых нетронутых, самых длинных и самых живописных пляжей Кипра – Золотой песок (Altın Kumsal – Алтын Кумсал). Ещё одно туристическое место, которое нужно посетить, сделав перерыв по дороге на Зафер Бурну, это монастырь апостола Андрея (Apostolos Andreas Manastırı – Апостолос Андреас Манастыры). Крайние районы полуострова Карпаз являются территорией национального парка Карпаз, где можно встретить многочисленных диких ослов. Возвращаясь в Фамагусту, обязательно нужно отобедать в Боазе. Выезд из Фамагусты ранним утром, путешествие по Карпазу и прибытие на обратном пути в Боаз займёт как минимум четыре часа. Поэтому могу сказать, что время обеда давно пришло. Боаз – небольшая
прибрежная деревня в 25 км от Фамагусты. Можно покушать рыбу в одном из 3-4 ресторанов у моря. После обеда желающие могут поехать в замок Кантару. Как я уже раньше говорил, Кантара является одним из трёх замков в горах Бешпармак, расположенным восточнее всех. От Боаза – 14 км, но дорога на подъезде к замку сужается и извивается настолько, что вам понадобится 25 минут, чтобы туда доехать. Подъехав на машине к подножию, подъём к самому замку займёт 5 минут. С высоты развалин можно увидеть северные и южные окраины полуострова Карпаз. После Кантары придётся закончить день путешествий, поскольку путешествие на Карпаз и осмотр замка сильно утомляют. На подъезде к Фамагусте можно увидеть множество пляжей. Вы можете либо пойти на один из этих пляжей, либо отправиться отдыхать в отель. Вот некоторые из пляжей Фамагусты: Глапсидес (Glapsides), Силвер (Silver) и Коджареис (Kocareis). Я всегда выбирал Глапсидес. 5-й день. Вот мы и пришли к завершающему дню нашего путешествия. Обследовав сегодня последние из мест, которые нужно посетить в Фамагусте, вечерним самолётом улетаем из страны. Первая наша экскурсия сегодня – древний город Саламис, расположенный на север от центра города, то есть, по дороге на Карпаз, на расстоянии 10 км. В Саламисе, история которого уходит в 11-й век до н.э., вы увидите развалины древних стен, античный театр, римский дворец, цистерну для воды и агору. После Саламиса, обратно
просмотра руин возвращаемся в центр, чтобы посетить старый город - 26 -
в окружении крепостных стен (suriçi – суричи). Здесь необходимо посмотреть мечеть Лала Мустафа-паши (Lala Mustafa Paşa Camii), мечеть Синана-паши (Sinan Paşa Camii), а на площади им. Намыка Кемаля – тюрьму и музей Намыка Кемаля. Для посещения всех этих мест, которые располагаются очень близко друг от друга, поэтому их можно обойти пешком, понадобится полчаса. Прогулявшись по старому городу, отправляемся на машине в направлении границы. Припарковавшись позади отеля Palm Beach, идём на пляж, который находится перед закрытым районом города под названием Мараш (Maraş). Это – город-призрак, популярный до войны туристический центр с отелями, расположенными друг за другом по всему побережью. Но после эту часть города закрыли и вход сюда запрещён. Единственным местом, откуда можно хотя бы частично рассмотреть этот призрачный город, является вот этот самый маленький пляж между отелем Palm Beach и закрытым районом Мараш. Таким образом мы завершили наше путешествие по Северный Кипр. Для тех, кто собирается приехать на остров на экскурсию впервые, я рекомендую отпуск на 5 дней и 4 ночи. Между Фамагустой и аэропортом Эрджан – около 50 км.
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Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Турецкая Республика Северного Кипра
Cennetten bir parça: A piece of paradise: Частичка рая: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC) , Akdeniz’de bulunan ve en büyük üçüncü ada olan Kıbrıs adasının kuzeyinde
ve Anadolu’nun 65 kilometre güneyinde yer alan bağımsız bir devlettir. * * * Turkish Republic of - 30 -
Northern Cyprus is an independent state, which occupies the north part of Cyprus - the third largest island in the
Mediterranean region, and is situated 65 kilometers south of Anatolia. * * *
Турецкая Республика Северного Кипра (ТРСК) - это независимое государство, занимающее северную - 31 -
часть Кипра – третьего по величине острова в Средиземном море, и расположенное в 65 км на юг от Анатолии.
Kapalı Maraş Varosha in Famagusta
KIBRIS ADASI’NIN TARİHİ: THE HISTORY OF CYPRUS: ИСТОРИЯ ОСТРОВА КИПР: Kıbrıs Adası tarihi boyunca; Antik Mısır, Hitit, Fenike, Asurlular, Roma İmparatorluğu ve Venedikliler’in himayesi altına girmiştir. 1571 yılında Osmanlı’nın adayı fethetmesiyle beraber Kıbrıs’ta yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. 93 Harbi’nde Osmanlılar’ın Rusya’ya yenilmesinin üzerine daha fazla ödün verilmemesi amacıyla ada 92.799 Sterlin’e Birleşik Krallığa kiralanmıştır.
* * *
Throughout the history Cyprus was under the
auspice of Egyptians, Hittites, Phoenicians, Assyrian Empire, Roman Empire, Venetians. The new era for Cyprus started with the Ottoman conquest of the island in 1571. After the Turkish– Russian war, the island was leased to the United Kingdom for £ 92,799.
* * *
За время своей истории, Кипром владели египтяне, хеты, финикийцы, ассирийцы, римляне, венецианцы. Новая эра для Кипра началась после - 32 -
завоевания острова Османской империей в 1571 году. После русско-турецкой войны 19 века, Кипр был отдан в долгосрочную аренду Соединенному Королевству (Великобритании) за 92, 799 английских фунтов стерлингов.
Karpaz Altın Kum Karpasia Golden Sand Карпас Золотой песок
Salamis Ha ra Salamis Ru beleri in Саламин р s уины
- 33 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
ÖNEMLİ BİLGİLER:
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta resmi dil Türkçe olmakla beraber adada ağırlıklı olarak İngilizce, Rusça, Rumca ve Almanca dilleri de konuşulmaktadır. Ülkenin resmi para birimi Türk Lirası’dır ancak alışverişlerde yaygın olarak Euro, İngiliz Sterlini ve Dolar da kullanılır. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta yaşayanların büyük bir çoğunluğu Müslüman olmakla beraber, Maronitler, Ortodoks Rumlar ve Katolik’ler de bulunmaktadır. Türkiye vatandaşları ülkeye sadece nüfus kağıdı ile giriş yapabilirken, diğer ülkelerin vatandaşları pasaport bulundurmak zorundadır. Adanın kuzeyi ve güneyi arasında farklı sınır kapıları vardır. Bu sınır kapıları; Ledra Palace, Metehan, Bostancı, Yeşilırmak, Beyarmudu ve Akyar’dır. Adanın iki kesimi arasındaki mevcut serbest dolaşımdan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşları yararlanamamaktadır. AB vatandaşları, Kuzey’den Güney’e geçebilmektedir. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın en önemli yerleşim yerleri; başkent Lefkoşa, Girne, Gazimağusa, Güzelyurt ve İskele’dir. Adada trafik, İngiltere’de olduğu gibi “sol şeritten” akmaktadır. Kıbrıs’ın sahil kıyıları yaklaşık 100 milyon senedir Chelonia Mydas ve Caretta Caretta kaplumbağaları tarafından ziyaret edilmektedir. Bu canlılar, mayıs ve ağustos ayları arasında yumurtlamak için Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın kumsallarına gelmektedirler. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta 85 kadar doğal mağara bulunmaktadır. İncirli ve Sütunlu Mağaraları bunların içerisinde en çok dikkat
çekenlerdir. Kuzey Kıbrıs bünyesinde barındırdığı üniversiteleri ile aynı zamanda bir eğitim adasıdır. Farklı ülkeler ve kıtalardan gelen binlerce öğrenci, adadaki üniversitelerde eğitim görmektedir.
* * *
The official language of Northern Cyprus is Turkish, but English, Greek, German and nowadays Russian languages are also widely spoken. The country’s official currency is Turkish Lira, however Euro, English Sterling and Dollar can be also used during shopping. The prevailing religion is Islam, but Maronites, Greek Orthodox and Catholics also live in North Cyprus. Citizens of Turkey can enter the country with their ID cards, whereas citizens of other countries must have their passports when coming to the island. Between the north and the south parts of the island there are several border - crossing points. These are Ledra Palace, Metehan, Bostancı, Yeşilirmak, Beyarmudu and Akyar. The EU citizens can pass the border from the North to the South, but the citizens of Turkey are not allowed to cross the border. The capital of Northern Cyprus is Nicosia, and the most important cities are Kyrenia, Famagusta, Morphou and Iskele. Traffic in North Cyprus, as in England, is on the left. Cyprus coast is around 100 million years old; during all this time it has been the breeding - 34 -
grounds for Chelonia Mydas and Caretta Caretta turtles. The turtles come to Northern Cyprus beaches in May and August for laying eggs. There are about 85 natural caves in North Cyprus. Incirli and Sutunlu caves are the most important and attractive ones. North Cyprus is an academic island. Thousands of students from different countries are studying at universities situated on the island.
* * *
Официальным языком Северного Кипра является турецкий, также широко распространены английский, греческий, немецкий, а в наши дни и русский языки. Официальной валютой Северного Кипра является турецкая лира, но и евро, английские фунты стерлингов и доллары принимаются повсюду. Хотя основной религией является ислам, на острове также проживают марониты, православные ортодоксы и католики. Гражданам Турции при въезде на Северный Кипр достаточно иметь при себе идентификационную карточку, гражданам же других стран необходимо иметь заграничный
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
паспорт. Между северной и южной частями острова существуют несколько переходных пунктов, а именно: Ледра Палас, Метехан, Бостанджи, Ешильырмак, Беярмуду и Акьяр. Граждане Европейского Союза могут беспрепятственно пересекать границу с севера на юг и обратно, но гражданам Турции переход границы запрещен. Столицей Северного Кипра является Никосия,а другие важные города Северного Кипра это Кирения Фамагуста, Морфу (Гюзельюрт) и Искеле. На всем острове, как и в Англии, левостороннее движение. Побережью Кипра около 100 миллионов лет, и на протяжении всего этого времени сюда приплывают черепахи вида Chelonia Mydas
и Caretta Caretta. Период кладки яиц – май и август. На территории Северного Кипра находится 85 естественных пещер, из которых наиболее привлекательными для туристов являются Инджирли и Сютунлу. Кипр - остров университетов. Тысячи студентов из разных стран получают образование на острове.
- 35 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın liman kentlerinden birisi olan Girne, 6 bin yıllık geçmişiyle, turizmin başkenti olarak bilinir. Adanın en gözde tatil beldesi olan Girne’de son yapılan nüfus sayımına göre 69 bin 163 kişi yaşamaktadır. Girne’nin tarihi milattan önce 10. yüzyıla dayanır. Girne’yi, Ege Bölgesi’nden gelen Akalar’ın efsanevi Tegea kralı Cepheus’un kurduğu ifade edilmektedir. Kentin adını, Akalar’ın kendi ülkelerinde bulunan “Kyrenia” dağından aldığı da tarihi kitaplarda yazmaktadır. Kentin adı Roma kaynaklarında da “Corineum” olarak geçmektedir. Tarihi boyunca farklı medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yapan Girne’de şehrin kalıcı bir yerleşim alanına dönüşmesi, milattan önce 4. yüzyıla denk gelmektedir. Kentte tarih sırasına göre Mısır, Hitit, Fenike, Pers, Büyük İskender, Roma, Bizans, İngiliz, Lüzinyan, Ceneviz,
GİRNE Turizmin başkenti
The capital of tourism: Kyrenia Центр туризма: Кирения
Venedik, Osmanlı ve İngilizler hakimiyet sürmüşlerdir. Deniz ve doğayı iç içe barındıran yapısı, beş yıldızlı otelleri, plajları, kafe, bar, restoran ve eğlence yerleriyle Girne, her yıl önemli bir çok festivale imza atmaktadır. Kent, içerisinde barındırdığı iki üniversite ile binlerce öğrencinin yaşadığı bir gençlik merkezidir…
* * *
Kyrenia is one of the port cities of Northern Cyprus with its
- 36 -
six thousand years of history is and known as the capital of tourism. This city is one of the best entertainment and holiday places on the island. The population of the city is 69 thousand 163 people. The history of the city goes back to the 10th century BC. Kyrenia was the first settlement of Achaeans from the Aegean region. The city is named after the Kyrenia mountain that is located in the Aegean region. In Roman history the city is
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
also named as “Corineum”. The city was hosted by different civilizations throughout its history. In the 4th century BC, the city became a place of permanent settlements. Throughout history the city was ruled by different civilizations: Egyptian, Hittite, Phoenician, Persian, Alexander the Great, Roman, British, Lusignan, Genoese, Venetians, Ottomans and British. Kyrenia is an amazing city with beautiful sea and nature, with five-star luxury hotels, beaches, cafes, bars, restaurants and entertainment venues. Many different festivals are organized in the city every year. The city with two universities hosts thousands of youth students from different countries.
* * *
Кирения - один из портовых городов Северного Кипра, с Шеститысячелетней
историей, который известен как столица туризма. Город является лучшим местом для отдыха и развлечений на всём острове. Население города составляет 69 163 человек. История города восходит к десятому веку до нашей эры. Кирения была первым поселением ахейцев из региона Эгейского моря. Название городу Кирения было дано в честь горы,расположенной в Эгейском регионе. В римской истории город также называется "Corineum". На протяжении всей истории город был домом для многих цивилизаций. В 4-м веке до нашей эры, город наконец стал местом постоянных поселений. На протяжении всей истории городом правили по очереди египетяне, хетты, финикийцы, персы, Александр Македонский; затем римляне, англичане, - 37 -
лузиньяны, генуэзцы, венецианцы, турки и снова англичане. Кирения – это удивительный город с прекрасным сочетанием моря и природы, с роскошными пятизвездочными отелями, пляжами, кафе, барами, ресторанами и другими развлекательными заведениями. Ежегодно в Кирении проводятся разнообразные фестивали. В городе с двумя университетами проживают несколько тысяч студенческой молодежи с разных стран мира.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
ÖNEMLİ BİLGİLER: IMPORTANT INFORMATION: ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: üGirne; Ercan Havalimanı’na 44 kilometre, başkent Lefkoşa’ya 21 kilometre uzaklıktadır. üGirne’de alışveriş esnasında Euro, Sterlin, Dolar ve Türk Lirası kullanabilirsiniz. üGirne’ye Türkiye’den düzenlenen deniz seferleriyle de gelmek mümkündür. Girne – Anamur arası deniz otobüsü ile 2 saat, Girne- Alanya arası ise 3.5 saat sürmektedir. üGirne ve Türkiye arasındaki mesafe yaklaşık 70 kilometredir. üVerimli bir toprak şeridi olan Girne’de; narenciye, zeytin ve harnup yetişir. üŞehirde Akdeniz iklimi hakimdir. En soğuk ocak ayı
ortalaması 9 derece, en sıcak temmuz ayı ortalaması 45 derecedir. üKent merkezinden kalkan minibüsler ile adanın tüm noktalarına toplu ulaşım sağlanmaktadır. üKentte yılın farklı aylarında çeşitli kültür ve sanat etkinlikleri düzenlenmektedir. * * * üKyrenia; 44 kilometers from Ercan Airport, 21 kilometers from the capital city (Nicosia). Euro, Sterling, US Dollar and Turkish Lira are acceptable across the city. üYou can travel by sea to Turkey. It takes 2 hours from Kyrenia till Anamur city and it takes 3.5 hours from Kyrenia to Alanya city by ferry. üThe distance between the Kyrenia and Turkey is approximately 70 kilometers. üKyrenia is characterized by - 38 -
fertile soil area. Citrus, olive and carob trees can easily grow on this soil. üThe city has a Mediterranean climate. The coldest month of the year is January and the average temperature is 9 degrees Celsius, the hottest month of the year is July and the average temperature is 45 degrees Celsius. üYou can go around the city and around the island by using public transport. Minibuses depart from the city center. üVarious cultural and artistic events in the city are organized in different months of the year. * * * üКирения: Аэропорт Эрджан расположен в 44 км, столица Никосия в 21 км. üПо городу принимаются платежи в разной валюте: евро, фунт стерлингов, доллар, турецкая лира. üЕсть возможность паромом доплыть до Турции. От Кирении до Анамура, по времени, занимает два часа. От Кирении до Аланьи, по
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
времени, занимает три с половиной часа на пароме. Расстояние между Киренией и Турцией составляет около составляет 70 километров. üДля Кирении характерна плодородная почва. Цитрусовые, оливковые и рожковые деревья с легкостью растут на такой почве. üГород имеет средиземноморский климат. Январь - самый холодный месяц в году; в среднем температура опускается до 9 градусов тепла. Самый жаркий месяц в году - июль; средняя температура составляет 45 градусов тепла. üПо городу и по всему
Северному Кипру можно передвигаться на общественном транспорте. Автобусы отправляются с центра города. üРазличные культурные и - 39 -
творческие мероприятия города организовываются несколько раз в году.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Girne Tarihi Yerler Kyrenia Historical Places Исторические места Кирении
GİRNE KALESİ: KYRENIA CASTLE: КИРЕНИЙСКИЙ ЗАМОК:
Kale, bugünkü biçimine ulaşıncaya değin pek çok değişiklik geçirmiş olmakla birlikte tespit edilebilen en erken yapı evresi M.S XII.yy’a aittir. Söz konusu dönemde ortaya çıkan Arap akınlarına karşı
kenti savunmak amacı ile adayı yönetmekte olan Bizanslılar tarafından inşa edilen ilk kaleye ait çok az kalıntı mevcuttur. Kale bugünkü formuna büyük ölçüde ikinci evrede, ada Lüzinyanların hakimiyetinde iken M.S. 12081211 yılları arasında ulaşmıştır. M.S. XIV. yüzyılda Venedik saldırıları ile hasar gören kale, 1491’de adanın Venediklilerin eline geçmesinin ardından
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yapılan son eklemelerle de bugünkü biçimine kavuşmuştur. 1570 yılında, Lefkoşa’daki Osmanlı zaferinden sonra direniş gösterilmeden Osmanlılara teslim edilmiş, bu sayede olması muhtemel bir muharebe nedeni ile zarar görmemiştir. Kale kareye yakın bir plana sahiptir. Her bir köşede birer kule yer alır. Kalenin güney ve batısı derince bir hendek ile, kuzeyi ve
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения have experienced. The castle is roughly square in plan, with a tower at each corner. The castle is protected on the south and west by a rather deep trench, and to the north and east by the sea. Its entrance, by means og a bridge, is on the north-western side. Girne Castle was part of a citadel complex which also enclosed to the city. Only a very small portion of the city walls is still extant, and these parts include three towers. The most preserved of these, known as the “Round Tower”, is on Ziya Rızkı Caddesi, opposite Bandabuliya. The second tower is on the street running down from Bandabuliya to harbour, and the third is on the southwestern corner of Girne Marina.
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doğusu deniz ile çevrelenmekte, giriş kuzeybatı tarafta bir köprü vasıtası ile sağlanmakta idi. Girne Kalesi, kentin savunmasında tek başına bir fonksiyona sahip olmayıp aslında bir iç kaledir. Kenti çeviren surlardan günümüze çok az bir kısım ulaşmıştır ve bunlar üç kuleye aittir. En sağlam korunmuş olanı, The Round Tower ( Yuvarlak Kule ) olarak bilinen kuledir. Bu kule Ziya Rızkı Caddesi üzerinde, Bandabuliya’nın karşısında yer alır. Görülebilecek durumda olan diğer kule Bandabuliya’dan limana inen sokak üzerinde, sonuncusu ise Girne Marinasının güneybatı köşesinde yer alır.
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The castle underwent many changes before reaching its current shape, but the earliest identifiable structure within it dates from the 7th century A.D. The castle progressed towards its current form during Lusignan rule between the years 1208-1211. The castle was damaged by Venetian attacks in the 14th century and finally reached their present shape with some additions following its capture by the Venetians in 1491. It surrounded without resistance after the Ottoman victory in Lefkoşa in 1570, and consequently suffered less damage than it might otherwise - 41 -
Исторический Киренийский замок расположен в конце старой гавани. Замок имеет форму большого квадрата и построен с изумительным видом на море. Когда было начато строительство замка, точно не известно, но многие археологи предполагают, что замок был построен Византийцами для того, чтобы защищать город от Арабских захватчиков в 7 веке. Замок сыграл важную роль в Третьем крестовом походе в 1191 году. Английский король Ричард захватил замок во время войны с Исааком Комненым. Затем замок долгое время находился под правлением Англичан. Большая часть замка была построена Королем Джоном Дибелем между 1208 и 1211 гг. Позднее, замок был укреплен, после того, когда его захватили Лузиньяны. В мирные времена замок служил местом отдыха, а во времена войн, местом убежища для королей Лузиньянской династии. За всю историю замок подвергался тяжелым нападениям. Но самым крупным было Генуэзское
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
нападение в 1373. В 1489 замок был под покровительством Венецианцев. В этот период город Кирения стал доминирующим городом на всем острове. За этот период, в облике замка произошли серьезные изменения. Османская империя захватила замок в 1570 году. Около трех сот лет остров был под покровительством Османской империи. После правления Османской империи, в замке правила Британская Колониальная Администрация с 1878 по 1960 гг. В этот период замок стал полицейской базой и тюрьмой. В 1974 г. замок был превращён в музей после основания Северного Кипра.
* * *
Kale içerisine giriş bir hendek üzerinden olmaktadır. 1400’lü yıllara kadar bu hendek içi su dolu olarak kullanılmıştır. İç kapının tonozunda bulunan üç aslanlı Lüzinyan amblemi başka bir yapıdan buraya getirilmiştir.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Kalenin gezilebilecek başlıca bölümleri ise şunlardır:
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Previously the castle was moated. It was surrounded by a wide moat full of water until the 1400’s. Lusignan emblem with the three lions was moved to another building. The three main sights that can be found on the castle grounds are:
sünger avcısı tarafından Girne kıyılarından 1,5 km açıkta ve suyun üç metre derinliğinde tespit edilen bu batık, Pennsylvania Üniversitesi araştırmacıları tarafından 1968-1969 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar sonucunda yüzeye çıkarılmıştır.
* * *
Ранее замок был окружен широким рвом с водой до 1400х годов.Эмблема Лузиньян с тремя львами была перенесена на другое здание. Три основные достопримечательности, которые можно посмотреть на территории замка это:на территории замка это:
* * * Batık Gemi Müzesi: Shipwreck Museum: Музей Затонувшего Корабля:
İlk olarak 1965 yılında bir
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Girne Kalesi’nde bulunan Batık Gemi Müzesi’nde sergilenen geminin 15 metre uzunluğundaki gövdesi Halep çamından yapılmıştır. Gemide bulunan 400 civarındaki anfora Rhodos üretimi olup muhtemelen Rhodos şarabı içermekteydi. Gemide saptanan bazalt taşından
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
M.Ö. III. yüzyıl Hellenistik Dönem’e tarihlenmektedir.
the 3rd century B.C. Hellenistic Period.
This wreck, first identified lying in 3 m. of water and 1,5 km far from Girne coast by a sponge diver in 1965, was brought to the surface by researchers from Pennsylvania University following operations carried out in 1968-1969. The 15 m hull of the ship, displayed at the Shipwreck Museum in Girne Castle, was constructed from Aleppo pine. The 400 amphorae found on the ship were manifactured in Rhodes, and it is thought that they may have contained Rhodes wine. The millstones made of basalt discovered in the wreck are from the island of Kos ( İstanköy ). The fact that the ship also contained large numbers of carbonised almond suggested that almonds were an important foodstuff of the crew. It is agreed that this ship sank while calling at Girne on its final eastward voyage carrying goods from Rhodes in the west and the island of Kos. This ship dated
Музей затонувшего корабля расположен в помещениях, примыкающих ко двору крепости в Кирении. Данное судно является одним из древнейших. В 1965 г. местный ловец губок обнаружил остов
* * *
yapılmış değirmen taşları Kos (İstanköy ) adasına aitti. Batıkta aynı zamanda bol miktarda karbonlaşmış badem bulunmuş olması, bademin mürettebatın önemli bir besin maddesini oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Batıdan ve Rhodos ile Kos adalarından mal yüklemiş olan bu geminin muhtemelen doğuya doğru gerçekleştirmekte olduğu bu son seferinde Girne’ye uğramak üzere iken batmış olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Gemi
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* * *
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения одного из наиболее древних торговых судов, поднятых со дна моря. По мнению археологов, судно принадлежало греческим торговцам. Оно затонуло около 288-262 годов до н.э. На поверхность были подняты части судна, амфоры, жернова, предметы домашнего обихода, древние монеты. Эти исторические находки были помещены в музей.
* * * Lüzinyan Kulesi: Lusignan Tower: Башня Лузиньян:
1208-1211 yılları arasında Kıbrıs Kralı John D’İbelin tarafından inşa ettirilmiştir. Kulede Bizans, İngiliz, Lüzinyan, Venedik, Osmanlı ve İngiliz Askeri Bayrakları sergilenmektedir. The tower was built by John D’Ibelin the King of Cyprus between 1208-1211. Byzantine, British, Lusignan, Venetian, Ottoman and British military flags are exhibited in the tower. Эта башня была построена королём Кипра Джоном Д’Ибелином с 1208 по 1211. В башне представлены флаги
византийцев, англичан, лузиньян, венецианцев, османов, а также выставлен британский военный флаг. флаг.
* * * Venedik Kulesi: Venetian Tower: Венецианская Башня:
Kule; 16. yüzyıl Venedik dönemi mimarisinden izler barındırmaktadır. Yine kule içerisinde de heykeller sayesinde o dönem top atışı yapan askerler ve benzeri canlandırmalar yer almaktadır. Tower has traces of Venetian architecture of the 16th century. The tower exhibits soldiers’ mannequins and various sculptures. Башня носит следы венецианской архитектуры эпохи 16-го века. В башне на обозрение выставлены манекены солдат разных эпох zи различные скульптуры.
* * *
St. George Kilisesi: St. George Church:
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Церковь Святого Георгия: 12. yüzyıla ait bir Bizans yapısıdır. Bizans ve Lüzinyan dönemlerinde kale dışında bağımsız bir yapıt olan kilise, Venedik döneminde bazı değişikliklerle kale içine alınmıştır. Lüzinyan döneminde yapıldığı düşünülen sarnıç o dönemlerde kalenin su ihtiyacını karşılamaktaydı. Church of St. George refers to the Byzantine architecture of the 12th century. It was built outside the castle in the days of the Byzantine and Lusignans. Later, during the reign of the Venetians and during a major overhaul, the church was moved to the castle grounds.castle grounds. Церковь Святого Георгия относится к византийской архитектуре 12-го века. Она была построена за пределами замка во времена византийцев и лузиньян. Позже, в период правления венецианцев, во время серьезной перестройки, церковь была перенесена на территорию замка.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Zindanlar: Dungeons: Подземелья:
Lüzinyan dönemine ait olan zindanlar, Kral I.Peter döneminde bir çok işkence olayına sahne olmuştur. Bu işkencelerden bazıları kale içerisinde yer alan canlandırma odalarında heykellerle sergilenmektedir. The dungeons refer to the period of Lusignan. During the reign of Peter I, this was a place of torture. There is an exhibition, reproducing the scenes of torture. Подземная тюрьма относится к периоду правления лузиньян. Во времена правления Питера I это было местом пыток. В Лузиньянских подземельях вы увидите, в каких условиях содержали и пытали узников в Средневековье (манекены
инсценируют происходившее).
* * * Kırnı Mezarları: Kirni Tombs: Гробницы Кырны:
Bu bölümde Erken ve Orta Tunç dönemlerinde Kırnı Köyü’nde bulunmuş bir mezar ve mezardan çıkan buluntular yer almaktadır. In this part of the castle there are tombs and graves belonging to the Early and in the Middle Bronze Age periods, found in a the village of Kirni. В этой части территории замка расположены могилы и гробницы, относящиеся - 46 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения к раннему и среднему бронзовому периоду, которые были найдены в деревне Кырны.
* * * William Dreghorn Sergi ve Konferans Salonu: William Dreghorn Exhibition and Conference Room: Выставка и конференцзал Вильяма Дрегорна: Lüzinyan dönemine ait olan salon, Dr. William Dreghorn’un, Girne şehrini konu alan özgün resimlerini içermektedir. The exhibition refers to the period of Lusignans. It presents the paintings of the city of Kyrenia by Dr. William Dreghorn. Выставка относится к периоду правления лузиньян. В ней представлены оригиналы картин с изображениями города Кирении, выполненные доктором Вильямом
Дрегорном.
* * * Sadık Paşa Lahiti: The sarcophagus of Sadik Pasha: Саркофаг Садык-Паши: Kalede, 1570 yılında Kıbrıs’ın Osmanlılar tarafından fethi sırasında şehit düşen Osmanlı Amirali Cezayirli Sadık Paşa’nın lahiti bulunmaktadır.
The tomb of the Ottoman Admiral, Sadik Pasha the Algerian, who was killed in the conquest of Cyprus by the Ottomans in 1570 is also in this castle. В этом замке также есть могила Османского адмирала, Садык-Паши, который был убит при завоевании Кипра турками в 1570 г.
Lüzinyan Dönemine Ait Şehir Duvarları ve Kule: Lusignan Period City Walls & Tower: Городские стены и башни периода Лузиньян: Lüzinyanlar tarafından 12. yüzyılda inşa edilen surlardan geriye kalan üç kuleden biridir. Savunma ve gözetleme amacıyla kurulan kule, diğerlerine göre daha büyük bir kule olduğu için şehir surlarında özel bir işlevi olduğu düşünülmektedir.
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The towers of the old Girne walls were built in the Lusignan Period with the aim of protecting the people living against attacks. The walls that surround the fortification of old Girne were built considerably thin; they proved to be ineffective as gunpowder was introduced to the Mediterranean in the Venetian period. The entrance of the twin towered city in the Lusignan Period was north of the present Girne Municipality building. In time, the city walls built in the Lusignan Period fell apart and their stones were used to build houses. The ruins that still stand are the tower in the centre of the harbour, the tower on the bend of the strand, the two towers around the Municipality Bazaar and the tower ruins next to the old Customs Building.
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Башни и стены времен лузиньян были построены в 12м веке. На сегодняшний день от городских стен остались всего три башни. Поскольку эта башня являлась самой высокой, предполагается, что она выполняла важную функцию по защите города. Башни такого рода использовались с целью обороны и наблюдения.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
ANTİK LİMAN: ANCIENT HARBOUR: СТАРИННАЯ ГАВАНЬ: Hiç şüphesiz ki Girne Limanı, kentin tarihi atmosferinin modernizmle harmanlanmasının en güzel örneklerinden biridir. At nalı şeklindeki girintinin arkasında yer alan restoran ve barlar, tabloyu andıran bir görünüm sergilemektedir. Şu anda restoran ve bar işlevi gören Venedik evleri daha önce Anadolu’ya ve Avrupa’ya Kıbrıs’tan ihraç edilen harnup (keçi boynuzu) ve tuz ambarı olarak kullanılmaktaydı. 1880 yılından sonra İngiliz Sömürge Dönemi’nde limana dalgakıran ve tek katlı bir gümrük binası inşa edilerek, liman geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. 1914 yılında bu
gümrük binasına bir kat daha eklenmiştir. Bina şu anda Turizm Bilgilendirme Ofisi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Eşsiz bir güzeliğe sahip olan Girne özelikle yaz aylarında renkli balıkçı kayıkları ve lüks yatlarla dolup taşmaktadır.
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Kyrenia harbor encompasses both ancient and modern atmosphere. The harbor, in the form of a horseshoe, looks very nice with many bars and restaurants. In the distant past, most of the buildings on the waterfront served as storage facilities, barns and storage rooms. But today it is a wonderful and cozy harbor with cafes and restaurants. In the summer the harbour is a popular destination for many
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tourists.
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Киренийская гавань заключает в себя одновременно атмосферу старины и
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
современности. Набережная, в форме подковы, выглядит исключительно красиво вместе с многочисленными барами и ресторанами. В далеком прошлом, большинство зданий
на набережной служили в качестве помещений для хранения, амбаров, кладовых. Но на сегодняшний день это удивительная и уютная гавань с кафе и ресторанами. - 49 -
В летний сезон прекрасная набережная является популярным местом для туристов.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
SAHİL KULESI: BEACH TOWER: ПРИБРЕЖНАЯ БАШНЯ: 12. yüzyılda Lüzinyan şehrini limana bağlayan ve günümüze kadar ayakta kalan üç kuleden, denize ve limana en yakın
olanıdır.
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One of the three towers of the 12th century Lusignan city walls, the Beach Tower is the one closest to the sea and the harbor.
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Данная башня является одной из трех башен Лузиньянского периода 12-го века и расположена ближе всего к морю и знаменитому лиману, откуда и получила свое название.
SAKLI VEYA YIKIK KULE: HIDDEN OR RUINED TOWER: СКРЫТАЯ ИЛИ РАЗРУШЕННАЯ БАШНЯ: 12. Yüzyıl Lüzinyan şehir surlarından geriye kalan tahrip edilmiş kuledir. Bir kısmının yıkık olmasından ötürü “Yıkık Kule” olarak bilinir. Yola göre içeride kaldığı için “Saklı Kule” olarak da anılır.
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This Ruined or Hidden tower, once a part of the 12th century Lusignan town walls, received its name due to its missing parts and for being hidden away from the main streets.
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Эта скрытая или разрушенная башня, являющаяся когдато частью городской стены времен Лузиньянов, получила свое название вследствие - 50 -
разрушения и утери отдельных частей, а также из-за своего скрытого от главной улицы расположения.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения ZİNCİR KULESİ: CHAIN TOWER: БАШНЯ ЦЕПЕЙ: Çoğu kişi tarafından fener olduğu düşünülen Zincir Kulesi, Girne Limanı’nın sonunda kalenin yakınında bulunmaktadır. Venedik dönemine ait olan kule, limanın girişinden çıkışına kadar çekilen bir zincir sayesinde gemilerin kontrollü olarak giriş&çıkış yapmasını denetlemeye yarardı. Zincirin bir diğer ucu ise eski gümrük binası olarak bilinen yere bağlı kalmaktaydı.
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The chain Tower, which is often mistaken for a lighthouse, belongs to the Venetian period (I5th-I6th c.). The chain once stretched across the entrance of the harbor between two lowers. This was a way to defend the Town, controlling the entry of unwanted enemy ships.
ESKİ GÜMRÜK BİNASI: OLD CUSTOM HOUSE: СТАРОЕ ЗДАНИЕ ТАМОЖНИ: 20. yüzyıl İngiliz dönemine ait olan bu bina, Girne Limanı’nın girişinde bulunmaktadır. Girne Limanı’nın ticaret ve yolcu gemilerine açık olduğu dönemlerde gümrük binası olarak kullanılmıştır. Zincir Kulesi’nden çekilen zincirlerin ucu bu binaya bağlanmaktaydı. Şimdilerde Turizm Bilgilendirme Ofisi olarak kullanılmaktadır.
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в гавань, контролируя таким образом прибытие судов и защищая город от вражеских нападений.
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для пассажирских и торговых кораблей. Стиль постройки и структура камней отражают типичный Британский архитектурный стиль того времени. В наши дни здание служит информационным бюро для туристов.
Башня цепей, которую часто ошибочно принимают за маяк, принадлежит к венецианскому периоду (I5-I6 вв.). Цепь когдато была натянута на входе Построенное в период Британского правления в 20-м веке, здание старой таможни находится в самом начале Киренийской набережной и использовалось во времена, когда гавань была открыта
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Built during the 20th century British period, the Old Custom House is situated at the entrance to the Kyrenia Harbor and was used when the harbor was open for trade and passenger ships. The stonework and architecture exhibit typical architecture style of the British period. The House is being used as Tourist Information Office nowadays. - 51 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения HARUP AMBARI VE KIBRIS EVİ MÜZESİ: CAROB WAREHOUSE AND CYPRUS HOUSE MUSEUM: МУЗЕЙ РОЖКОВОГО ДЕРЕВА И КИПРСКОГО ДОМА: 1966 yılında İskoç asıllı Lady Margeret Loch tarafından Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’ne hibe edilen ve 3 kattan oluşan bina, Kıbrıs mimarisinin en güzel örneklerinden biridir. 1974 sonrasında Halk Sanatları Müzesi olarak hizmet veren müze, 2011 yılında Turizm, Çevre ve Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından yenilenerek Harup Ambarı ve Kıbrıs Evi Müzesi ismiyle yeniden hizmete açılmıştır. Üç katlı binanın her katında Kıbrıs’a özgü detayları b ulabilirsiniz. Müzenin içerisinde dokuma tezgahlarından harman makinesine, ahşap kalıplardan tığ, örgü işlemelerine, çoraplar ve çeyiz sandıklarına dek pek çok el işi ürünü ve geleneksel kıyafeti bulabilirsiniz.
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The house, consisting of three floors, has been donated to the Republic of Cyprus in 1966 by a Scottish Lady Margaret Loch and is one of the truly fascinating historical examples of traditional Cyprus architecture. Opened after 1974 as The Museum of the Folk Art it has been renovated by the Ministry of Tourism and Environment and from 2011 continues to function under the name of Carob Store and Cyprus House Museum. You can find different kinds of traditional Cypriot home - made things such as cloths, crochet works, carved wooden dower chests, bridal costumes. The Carob Store and Cyprus
House Museum situated on the way to Kyrenia Harbor. The Museum is open for the visitors from 08:00 till 17:00 on Thursdays and Fridays and from 08:00 till 15:00 on other days.
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Трехэтажный дом был передан Республике Кипр в 1966 году жительницей Шотландии леди Маргарет Лох, и является одним из лучших образцов традиционной кипрской архитектуры. Музей был открыт после 1974 года как музей прикладного искусства; впоследствии здание было реставрировано
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министерством по туризму и охране окружающей среды и с 2011 года носит интересное название «музея рожкового дерева и кипрского дома». В данном музее можно увидеть различные предметы прикладного искусства, такие как национальные одежды и свадебные убранства, работы, выполненные крючком, резьба по дереву и многое другое. Расположен музей на въезде в киренийскую гавань. Музей открыт для посещения по четвергам и пятницам с 08:00 до 17:00, по остальным дням с 08:00 до 15:00.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения BANDABULİYA: BANDABULIYA (COVERED BAZAAR): BANDABULIYA (КРЫТЫЙ БАЗАР): 1878 yılında İngiliz Sömürge döneminde belediye binası olarak inşa edilen Bandabuliya, Girne’nin tarihi yerlerinden biridir. Zaman içerisinde kapalı bir pazar yerine dönüşmüş olan yapının içinde kasaplar, balıkçılar ve kahvehaneler bulunmaktaydı. Şu an ise kafeteryaların hizmet verdiği bir noktadadır.
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The building was constructed in 1878 during the British colonial rule as the city hall. It is one of the interesting places in Kyrenia. In our days the building is served as a covered bazaar and is used for the cafes and bars.
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Здание было построено
KİRSOKAVA: CHRYSOKAVA: КРИСОКАВА: Kirsokava olarak bilinen kayalık alan Girne Kalesi’nin 1 km doğusunda denize uzanan bir burundur. Romalılar döneminde mezarlık olarak kullanılan alandan, Girne Kalesi ve limanının yapımında taş ocağı olarak yararlanılmıştır. Bizans dönemine ait olan Agia Mavra Kilisesi bir Roma kaya mezarı, içerisinde bulunmuştur. Çok az bir bölümü günümüze kadar korunmuş olan kilisenin duvarındaki hayvan figürlerinde ve tavanda bulunan Miraç sahnesini anlatan freskler, yapının 10. yüzyıla ait olduğunu göstermektedir.
в качестве мэрии в 1878 году во время британского колониального правления. Это одно из примечательных
мест города Кирении. Здание служит сейчас помещением для магазинов, кафе и баров.
The area was used as a gravesite during the Roman era. Later, it was used as a quarry to serve the construction of Girne Castle and the port.
километре к востоку от замка Кирении. Место было использовано в качестве кладбища во времена Римской эпохи. Позже, оно использовалось в качестве карьера для строительства порта и замка Кирении.
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Скалистое место, известное как Кирсокава (Chrysokava), расположено в одном
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The craggy area known as Kirsokava (Chrysokava) is a point jutting out to the sea one kilometer east of Girne Castle. - 53 -
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Toys Books Stationery Photocopy Art Materials and many other products & services
Игрушки Книги Канцелярские товары Ксерокопия Художественные материалы и многие другие товары и услуги
Карты, которые добав ят пр largest Крупнейший на острове магазин The island's ивил канцелярских товаров. егии к stationery. вашЦена-Качество-Надёжность м поездкам и Price-Quality-Reliability
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
SAINT HILARION KALESİ: SAINT HILARION CASTLE: ЗАМОК СВЯТОГО ИЛЛАРИОНА: Beşparmak Dağları üzerinde kurulan üç kaleden en batıda yer alanı olan Saint Hilarion Kalesi Arap akınlarına karşı inşa edilmiştir. Denizden 732 metre yükseklikte olan kale adını, Kudüs’ün Araplar tarafından fethinden sonra Kıbrıs’a göç eden ve ömrünün son yıllarını burada ibadetle geçiren bir keşişten almıştır. Kalenin adına ilk kez 1191’li yıllardaki kayıtlarda rastlanılmıştır. Bir dönem stratejik bir önemi olmasına rağmen sonraki yıllarda Lüzinyan soylularının yazlık ve dinlenme yerleri olarak işlev görmüştür. Kalede üç ayrı bölüm bulunmaktadır. Aşağı bölüm, yukarı kale girişi ve avlu bölümlerinden Girne manzarasını izlemek doyumsuz bir keyiftir. Kalenin zirvesinde ise Prens John Kulesi bulunmaktadır. Bizans döneminde onarımdan geçen kale, 1489 yılında Venedikliler’in adayı ele geçirmesiyle boşaltılmıştır.
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There are three main castles, built on the mountain range "Five Fingers". One of them is the castle of St. Hilarion that is located in the west of the range. It was built at an altitude of 732 m. above sea level, as a protection against the Arab invasions. The name of the castle comes after the name of a holy hermit. In the last years of his life he lived in Cyprus. First time the name of the castle was mentioned in 1191. Previously, the castle was a summer destination for Lusignan nobility and at the same time the castle was a very important strategic significance. The castle is divided into three main sections: the lower section, the front section and the section of the courtyard. From the section of the courtyard there is enjoying stunning view over the whole Kyrenia. At the top there is a tower of Prince John. During the reign of the Byzantines there were some changes in the castle’s architectural structure. After the Venetians captured the island in 1489, the castle was abandoned and left.
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Есть всего три основных замка, которые были построены в горах Бешпармак. Замок Святого Иллариона расположен на западе. Он был построен на высоте 732 м. над уровнем моря для защиты от арабских нашествий. Название замка происходит от имени одного святого отшельника, который в последние годы своей жизни жил на Кипре. Впервые название замка было упомянуто в 1191 г. В старину замок являлся летним местом отдыха для Лузиньянского дворянства и в тоже время замок имел очень важное стратегическое значение. Замок разделен на три основные секции: нижняя секция, входная секция и секция внутреннего двора. С отдела внутреннего двора можно наблюдать прекрасный вид на всю Кирению. На самом верху стоит башня принца Джона. Во время правления Византийцев в замке были проведены небольшие изменения. После того, как Венецианцы захватили остров в 1489 г. замок был опустошен и покинут.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
ÖNEMLİ BİLGİLER: IMPORTANT INFORMATION: ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: ü Saint Hilarion Kalesi yazın 09:00 ve 16:30, kışın ise 09:00 ve 16:00 saatleri arasında ziyarete açıktır. ü During the summer, castle is open from 09:00 till 16:30 o’clock and in the winter time from 09:00 to 16:00 o’clock.
ü В летний период замки открыты для посетителей с 09:00 по 16:30, а в зимний период с 09:00 до 16:00.
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ü Rivayete göre 1920 yılında Hilarion'u ziyarete gelen Walt Disney, kaleden çok etkilenmiş ve çizgi filmlerinde bu kalenin görüntüsünün yer aldığı bir jeneriği kullanmıştır. ü In 1920, Walt Disney visited the castle of St. Hilarion. He was so impressed
by the beauty and uniqueness of the castle, that used it as a model for the castle in one of his cartoons. ü В 1920 году Уолт Дисней посетил замок Святого Иллариона. Он был так впечатлен красотой и необычностью замка, что использовал его как прототип замка одного из своих мультфильмов.
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ü Kale aynı zamanda endemik bitkilerin yer aldığı bir botanik park özelliği de taşımaktadır. ü The territory of the castle is a botanical garden with many endemic plants. ü Территория замка также является ботаническим садом с разнообразными эндемичными растениями.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
KARMİ KÖYÜ: KARMI VILLAGE: ДЕРЕВНЯ КАРМИ: Girne’nin batı bölümünde dağ yamacında kurulmuş bir köy olan Karmi, günümüzde genelde İngiliz ve Almanlar’ın yaşadığı bir yerleşim yeridir. Eski köy evlerinin orjinaline sadık kalınarak restore edilen bu köy, hem kendi konumundan dolayı muhteşem bir manzaraya sahiptir hem de anılan özelliklerinden dolayı kendisi eşsiz bir manzara oluşturmaktadır. Karmi köyü yakınlarındaki bir mezarlık alanında gerçekleştirilen arkeolojik kazılar sonucu Orta Tuç Devri’ne ait oda şeklinde bazı mezarlar ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Mezarlarda ölü armağanları olarak mavi fayans boncuklara rastlanmış, Girit’teki Minos Uygarlığı’na ait kaplar da bulunmuştur. Bu mezarların Lapithos’taki gemilerde çalışan gemicilere ait olduğu düşünülmekte, elde edilen veriler adanın Tunç Devri’nde, çevre ülkelerle var olan ticari ilişkilerini göstermesi bakımından oldukça
önemlidir.
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Karmi, a village on a mountain slope to the west of Girne, is an area where many British and German now live. This village has a superb view because of its position, but also, with its stock of faithfully restored traditional houses, offers a fine prospect itself. Archaelogical excavations carried out in the area around Karmi have produced a number of chamber tombs from the Middle Bronze Age. Grave goods in the form of blue ceramic beads were found in the tombs, as well as pots from the Cretan Minoan civilisation. It is believed that these may be the tombs of mariners who sailed - 62 -
the ships from Lapithos, and the evidence recovered from the site is important in that it illustrates the island’s commercial relations with surrounding lands during the Middle Bronze Age.
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Карми это небольшая, уютная деревушка, расположенная на склоне горы на западе Кирении. В деревушке стоят 150 домов с прекрасными видами. Жители деревушки живут в гармонии с окружающей средой, не разрушая основную структуру ландшафта. Здесь проживают британцы, немцы, французы, итальянцы, датчане, швейцарцы и канадцы. Деревню ещё называют Караман.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения KARMİ İLE İLGİLİ FAYDALI BİLGİLER: USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT KARMI: ИНТЕРЕСНЫЕ ФАКТЫ О КАРМИ:
ü Köy çevresinde yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda Orta Tunç Çağı’ndan kalan oda şeklinde mezarlar bulunmuştur. Mezarlardan birinde bereket tanrıçasına ait bir figür ve aynı zamanda fayanstan
boncuklar ve Girit'ten gelen Minos Uygarlığı’na ait kaplara rastlanmıştır. Köyde her evin bir adı vardır ve bu adlar güzel tabelalarla kapılara asılmıştır. Yine köy meydanında bulunan Virgin Mary Kilisesi, Karmi’de mutlaka görülmesi gereken mekanların başında yer almaktadır.
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ü During the archaeological excavations the Bronze Age cemetery was found. Dating from the Middle Bronze age, there is a collection of tombs in which some fascinating artefacts were found. Among them a Minoan style cup and some blue glass beads, statue of a female figure, thought to be a fertility goddess was found. At the moment every house of the village has its own name written on the door at the entrance. The church of Virgin Mary is located on the attractive central square.
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ü Во время археологических раскопок было обнаружено кладбище со времен бронзового века, где были найдены некоторые интересные артефакты. Среди них чашки в стиле минойской культуры и синие стеклянные бусы, а также статуя женщины, по предположению, богини плодородия. На данный момент каждый дом в деревне имеет собственное имя, которое написано на двери при входе в дом. Церковь Девы Марии находится на красивой центральной площади.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения BELLAPAİS KÖYÜ: BELLPAIS VILLAGE: ДЕРЕВНЯ БЕЛЛАПАИС: Girne’nin 4-5 km doğusunda, Beşparmak Dağları’nın yamaçlarında bulunan Bellapais (Beylerbeyi) köyü; restoranları, hediyelik eşya dükkanları, tarihi ve doğal güzellikleriyle görülmeye değer Akdeniz köylerinden birisidir. Manastırında Beyaz Giymiş Meryem Ana Kilisesi’nin de bulunduğu Beylerbeyi köyü, izlemeye doyamayacağınız bir manzaraya sahiptir. Maviyi ve yeşili alabildiğine görebileceğiniz köyün girişinde sizi, ünlü İngiliz yazar Lawrence Durrell’in kitabına konu olan Tembellik Ağacı karşılar. Durrell’in Bellapais’te geçirdiği dönemde yazdığı ‘Kıbrıs’ın Acı Limonları’ isimli kitabıyla da ünlenen köyde; 13. yüzyıl gotik mimarisine ait Bellapais Manastırı, 200 yıllık un ve zeytinyağı değirmeni, Tembellik Ağacı ve Yazar Lawrence Durrel’in evi gezilecek yerler arasındadır. *** Bellapais village, located 4-5 km east of Kyrenia on the Five Finger Mountains slopes, is another one of the Mediterranean villages, and is worth seeing for its restaurants, souvenir shops, history and natural beauty. Beylerbeyi village, where Church of the Virgin Mary dressed in white is found in the monastery, offers stunning views. Entering
TEMBELLİK AĞACI: THE TREE OF IDLENESS: ДЕРЕВО ПРАЗДНОСТИ: Tembellik Ağacı Kahvesi, bir edebiyat başyapıtı olan ‘İskenderiye Dörtlüsü’ romanının yazarı Lawrence Durrell’ın yazılarını yazdığı mekandır. Yazarın Tembellik Ağacı adını verdiği asırlık dut ağacı ise kahveye gelen köy ahalisinin
the village, from where blues and greens can be enjoyed as far as an eye can see, you come across The Tree of Idleness, featured by the famous British writer Lawrence Durrell in one of his books. In the village, renown by the book ‘Bitter Lemons of Cyprus’, which Durrell wrote during the time, spent in Bellapais, a monastery of Gothic architecture from the 13th century, a 200 years old flour mill and olive oil press, the Tree of Idleness and Lawrence Durrel’s house are among other places to be seen while visiting the village. *** Деревня Беллапаис, расположенная в 4-5 км к востоку от Гирнэ на склонах гор Бешпармак, - это ещё одна из средиземноморских деревень с ресторанами, сувенирными магазинами, богатой историей и природными красотами, которую стоит посмотреть. gölgesine sığındığı ağaçtır. Gün boyu iskambil oynayıp sohbet eden köy ahalisinin tembellik hakkını bolca kullandığı bir mekan olduğundan dolayı ismi Tembellik Ağacı olarak kalmıştır. Köyün hemen girişinde bulunan ağaç, Huzur Ağaç olarak bilinen - 66 -
Из деревни, известной также как Бейлербеи, в монастыре которой находится церковь Девы Марии в белом облачении, открывается потрясающий вид. На входе в деревню, откуда синь и зелень простираются взору, насколько может видеть глаз, растёт «дерево праздности», описанное известным британским писателем Лоуренсом Дарреллом в одной из своих книг. В деревне, ставшей известной по книге «Горькие лимоны Кипра”, которую Даррелл написал во время своего проживания в Беллапаисе, находятся и монастырь готической архитектуры 13-го века, 200-летняя мельница и маслодавильня, «дерево праздности» и дом Лоренса Даррелла, которые обязательно нужно увидеть во время посещения деревни.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения restoranda yer almaktadır. *** The Tree of Idleness coffee shop is where the literary masterpiece, The Alexandria Quartet novel, was written by its author Lawrence Durrell. An ancient mulberry tree, which dominated the main square, was named by the writer as The Tree of Idleness, for its being a favourite
place among the villagers, who just loved to spend hours and hours in idle chatting. The tree is found at the entrance of the village near the Huzur Agaç restaurant. *** Кафе под «деревом праздности» является тем самым местом, где Лоуренс Даррелл писал свой литературный шедевр
«Александрийский квартет». Древнее тутовое дерево было названо писателем как «дерево праздности», поскольку кафе было любимым местом сельских жителей, которые обожали проводить многие часы в разговорах под сенью его ветвей. Дерево находится на въезде в деревню возле ресторана Huzur Agaç.
lived between the years 1953-1956, was built in 1893. Located opposite the village fountain, the house can be visited only in September. *** В Беллапаисе, окружённом лимонными и гранатовыми деревьями, улица, на которой
стоит дом писателя, названа «Горький лимон». Дом, где жил Даррел в 1953-1956 годах, был построен в 1893 году. Расположенный напротив деревенского фонтана дом можно посетить только в сентябре.
YAZAR LAWRANCE DURREL’İN EVİ: LAWRANCE DURRELL’S HOUSE: ДОМ ЛОРЕНСА ДАРРЕЛА: Limon ve nar ağaçları arasındaki Bellapais’te yazara ait evin bulunduğu sokağın ismi Acı Limon sokağıdır. 1953-1956 yılları arasında Bellapais’te yaşayan Durrell’in kaldığı ev, 1893 tarihinde yapılmıştır. Köyün içerisinde bulunan köy çeşmesinin karşısındaki ev, sadece eylül aylarında gezilebilmektedir. *** In Bellapais, which lays among lemon and pomegranate groves, the name of the street where the writer’s house stands, is Bitter Lemon. The house, where Durrel
TARİHİ DEĞİRMEN: HISTORICAL MILL: ДРЕВНЯЯ МЕЛЬНИЦА: İki yüz yıllık tarihi un ve zeytinyağı değirmenlerini barındıran değirmen, 1974 öncesine kadar aktif olarak çalışır durumdaydı. Dağdan gelen su ile çalışan değirmen günümüzde köyün içerisinden sola dönüp yolu takip etiğinizde sağ kolunuzda bulunuyor. *** The flour and olive oil mill with two hundred years of history was actively used before 1974. The village’s only water-powered mill
is on the right if you turn left in the village and follow the road. *** Мукомольная мельница, она же маслодавильня, с 200-летней историей активно использовалась и работала в период до 1974 года. Единственную в деревне мельницу, которая работает с помощью воды, поступающей с гор, можно найти по правой стороне дороги, если свернуть налево в центре деревни.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
Girne Dini Mekanlar Kyrenia Religious Places Религиозные места Кирении
BELLAPAİS MANASTIRI: BELLAPAIS MONASTERY: МОНАСТЫРЬ БЕЛЛАПАИС: Kıbrıs’ın Bellapais köyünde bulunan tarihi manastır, Girne şehir merkezine yaklaşık 10 dakika mesafede, Beşparmak Dağları’nın eteklerinde yer almaktadır. Gotik mimarinin en önemli örneklerinden birisi olan manastıra ilk olarak 1187 yılında Kudüs’ten göç eden Augustinian
Mezhebi rahipleri yerleşmiştir. Manastırın ilk binası 1198 ve 1205 yılları arasında yapılmıştır. Yapının büyük bir kısmı Lüzinyan Kralı III. Hugh tarafından 1267 ve 1284 yılları arasında inşa ettirilmiştir. Avlunun etrafını çevreleyen revaklar ve yemekhane, Kral IV. Hugh zamanında 1324 ve 1359 yılları arasında tamamlanmıştır. Manastırın günümüze kadar ulaşan en sağlam yapısı kilisedir. Yapının ön yüzünde dikkatleri çeken freskler, 15. yüzyılın ortalarında yapılmıştır. Orta avlunun doğusunda yer
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alan ve rahiplerin kullandığı çalışma ve sohbet odaları ziyaretçilere etkili bir tarih yolculuğu sunmaktadır. Manastırın üst katında da rahiplerin yatak odaları ve değerli eşyalarının bulunduğu bir alan bulunmaktadır. Kıbrıs’ın Osmanlılar tarafından fethedilmesinden sonra manastır, Kıbrıs Ortodoks Kilisesi’ne verilmiştir. Girne’nin hemen hemen her yerinden görülebilen manastır, turistlerin en çok ziyaret ettiği yerlerden birisi konumundadır. Manastır, dönem dönem klasik müzik
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения konserleri ve çeşitli müzik festivallerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.
* * *
The monastery is located in the majestic Five Finger Mountains in Kyrenia, Bellapais Village and it takes 10 minutes from the city center to get here. This monastery is a fine example of Gothic architecture. The first occupants known to have settled on or near the site were the Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre, who had fled Jerusalem after its fall in 1187 to Saladin. The first buildings date between 1198-1205. The main building as it can be seen today was built during the rule of King Hugh III 12671284. The cloisters and the refectory were constructed during the rule of King Hugh IV between 13241359. Remarkable frescoes on the front of the building were built in the mid-15th century. There are central courtyard, class rooms and work rooms that were used by priests and monks in the center of the monastery. The bedrooms were located on the second floor. Following the Ottoman conquest of Kyrenia and Kyrenia Castle in 1571, the abbey was given to the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus. The monastery is visible from many places of the Kyrenia city. The place is very popular among the tourists. During the summer some music concerts and festivals are organized on the territory of the Bellapais Monastery.
* * *
В деревне Беллапаис расположен один из красивейших памятников готической архитектуры Кипра, монастырь
Беллапаис. Монастырь расположен в предгорье Киренийского хребта Пять пальцев, в 10 минутах езды от центра города Кирении. Этот монастырь прекрасный пример, красивейшей готической архитектуры. Монахи ордена августинцев, прибывшие на Кипр из Иерусалима, поселились в предгорье Киренийского хребта на территории современной деревни Беллапаис в 1187 году. Первые постройки монастыря датируются между 1198-1205. Главное здание, как это можно увидеть сегодня, было построено во время правления короля Гуго III (1267-1284). Были построены монастыри и трапезная во время правления короля Гуго IV между (1324-1359). Замечательные фрески на передней части здания были построены в середине 15-го века. В центре монастыря есть просторный, внутренний двор, а также просторные помещения, которые в свое время служили для священников и монахов в качестве учебных и рабочих классов. Спальни были расположены на втором этаже. После османского завоевания Кирении в 1571 году, османы отдали аббатство греческой православной церкви Кипра. Монастырь виден из многих мест города Кирения. Место очень популярно среди туристов. Летом на территории Беллапаиского монастыря организовываются различные музыкальные концерты и фестивали.
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Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения SAINT ANDREWS KİLİSESİ: SAINT ANDREWS CHURCH: ЦЕРКОВЬ СВЯТОГО АНДРЕЯ: Saint Andrews Kilisesi, Kıbrıs’ta bulunan iki Anglikan kilisesinden biridir. Aziz Andrew, bilgisi ve paylaşımlarıyla toplumunun kalbinde büyük bir sevinç ve barış vahası olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Kilisenin yapımından 25 yıl sonra ilave edilen kule, kiliseyi Girne’nin bir çok bölgesinden görülebilen bir pozisyona taşımıştır.
Церковь Святого Андрея в Кирении, это одна из двух англиканских церквей, расположенных на Северном Кипре. Церковь Святого Андрея является оазисом радости и мира. Церковная башня была построена 25 лет спустя после того, как была построена сама церковь. Церковь легко
заметить снаружи. На юговосточной части территории мечети расположен фонтан, названный в честь Хасана Кавизаде Хусеина Эфенди. Рядом с фонтаном стоят три арки с рельефным и художественным исполнением.
Crucifixion of Jesus Christ is depicted on the marble stone on the wall of the front entrance.
города. Вход расположен с северной стороны и является образцом готической архитектуры. На стене у переднего входа, на мраморном камне имеется изображение распятия Иисуса Христа.
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St Andrew's in Kyrenia, one of two Anglican churches located in Northern Cyprus. St Andrew's is regarded widely as an oasis of joy and peace. The church tower was built 25 years later after the church had been built. The church is well seen from outside.
* * *
KHYRSOPOTILISSA KİLİSESİ CHYRSOPOTILISSA CHURCH: ХРИСОПОЛИТИССА ЦЕРКОВЬ: Kökeni 14. Yüzyıla dayanan bir Latin kilisesidir ve kentin en eski kilisesi olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Kuzeye bakan duvarı gotik mimarisine ait bir kemerle kapatılmıştır. Ön girişin duvarında mermer taş üzerinde İsa’nın çarmıha gerilişinin tasviri görmeye değerdir.
* * *
Chyrosopolitissa Church was built in the 14th century as a Latin church and in our days it is one of the oldest churches of the city. The entrance that is facing the North has a structure of a Gothic archway. The
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Церковь Хрисополитисса была построена в 14-м веке как латинская церковь. Является одной из самых древних церквей - 70 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения AĞA CAFER PAŞA CAMİİ: AGHA CAFER PASHA MOSQUE: МЕЧЕТЬ АГА ДЖАФЕР-ПАШИ: Camii, limandan bugünkü kent merkezine çıkan taş döşeli rampalı bir sokak içinde yer almaktadır. Osmanlı Kıbrıs Valisi Ağa Cafer tarafından M.S. 1589-1590 yıllarında yaptırılmış, o sırada yanına bir de sıbyan okulu inşa edilmiştir. Kesme taştan inşa edilmiş olan camii, dikdörtgen planlı ve tek minarelidir. Caminin hemen güneydoğusunda Hasan Kavizade Hüseyin Efendi Çeşmesi yer alır. Çeşmenin kuzey cephesinde kabartma olarak yapılmış üç kemer bulunmakta, ortadakinde ters ay, rozet ve dal motifleri ile bezenmiş 1841 tarihli mermer bir yazıt yer almaktadır.
* * *
Agha Cafer Pasha Mosque, standing by a steep cobbled street running from the port to the current centre of Kyrenia. It was built by Agha Cafer Pasha, the Ottoman Governor
ARCHANGELOS MICHAEL KİLİSESİ VE İKON MÜZESİ: ARCHANGELOS CHURCH AND ICON MUSEUM: ЦЕРКОВЬ АРХАНГЕЛА МИХАИЛА И МУЗЕЙ ИКОНОПИСИ:
of Cyprus in 1589-1590 A.D. At the same time an elemantary school was built next to it. The mosque, of cut stone constructioni is rectangular in plan and furnished with a single minaret. The Hasan Kavizade Hüseyin Efendi Fountain ia at the southeast of the mosque. On the northern face of the fountain there are three arches in relief, the central one of which is decorated with rosette and bough motifs, with crescent a marble inscription dated 1841 A.D.
of icons collected from all around Kyrenia. There is a rich archive of icons related to the history of Christianity. It was built in 1860 and the bell tower was built later.
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Церковь Архангела Михаила - это старинная греческая
Archangelos Michael Kilisesi eski bir Rum kilisesidir. Girne ve çevresinden toplanan ikonların sergilendiği bir ikon müzesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Müzede Hristiyanlık tarihi ile ilgili zengin bir ikon arşivi bulunmaktadır. Kilisenin çan kulesi, 1860 yılında inşa edilmiş olan kiliseye yirmi beş yıl sonra ilave edilmiş olup, Girne şehrinin her yerinden görülmesi mümkündür.
* * *
Archangelos Michael's Church is an old Greek Church. It is used as an Icon museum. Inside the church there is an exhibition - 71 -
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Мечеть была построена Османским губернатором Кипра (Ага Джафер-Паша) в 1589 году. В юго-восточной части на территории мечети расположен фонтан, названный в честь Хасана Кавизаде Хусеина Ефенди. Рядом с фонтаном стоят три арки с искусно выполненным рельефом. художественным исполнением. церковь. На сегодняшний день церковь также исполняет роль музея иконописи. Музей представляет богатую коллекцию икон, связанных с историей христианства. Сама церковь была построена в 1860 году, а колокольня была сооружена позднее.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения BALDÖKEN MEZARLIĞI: CEMETERY BALDOKEN: КЛАДБИЩЕ БАЛДЁКЕН: Ramadan Cemil Meydanı’nda bulunan Baldöken Mezarlığı, Osmanlı dönemine aittir. Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinde de kullanıldığı anlaşılan mezarlığın doğusunda mozaik kalıntılar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bugün 3 mezar, bir türbe ve bir çeşme olarak kalan Baldöken Mezarlığı da bölgenin dikkat çeken tarihi yerlerinden biri konumundadır. Mezarlıktaki türbe kare olarak planlanmış olup 4 tarafı sivri kemerlidir ve üzeri kubbe ile örtülüdür. Bu mekan daha sonra ölülerin yıkanması için kullanılmıştır. Mezarlığın kuzeyinde bulunan çeşmenin üzerindeki yazıtta, çeşmenin Eseyit Emin Efendi tarafından yaptırıldığı ifade edilmektedir.
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Baldoken cemetery is situated
on the Ramadan Cemil square and refers to the times of the Ottoman Empire. It is also used during the Roman and Byzantin periods. The mosaic was found in the eastern part of the place. Today, there are only three graves, a mausoleum and a fountain. The dome-shaped mausoleum that is supported by four arches was built on the square.
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Кладбище расположено на небольшой площади
им. Рамадана Джемиля и относится к периоду османской империи. Оно также использовалось во времена Римской и Византийской империй. В восточной части территории была найдена мозаика. На сегодняшний день, там стоят только три могилы, мавзолей и фонтан. Мавзолей был построен на нынешней территории площади и представляет собой конструкцию в форме купола с четырьмя арками.
ROMA BİZANS KAYA MEZARLARI: ROMAN & BYZANTINE ROCK TOMBS: РИМСКИЕ И ВИЗАНТИЙСКИЕ ГРОБНИЦЫ:
Roma ve Bizans kenti kalenin doğu bölümünde odaklandığından mezarlık alanları genelde batı bölümde yer almaktadır. Söz konusu mezarlar kayalıklara oyulmuş oda mezar biçimindedir. Günümüzde görülebilen bu yegane kaya odaları, Girne kentinin en batısında yer alan Rocks Otel’in otoparkı yakınlarındaki kayalıklarda yer alır. Ancak en tanınabilir olanlar İkon Müzesinin güney batısındadır. Bir diğer mezar, Khyrsopolitissa Kilisesi’nden İkon Müzesi’ne
çıkan sokakta yer alır. Bu mezar diğerlerinden farklı olarak tamamen yer altında olduğundan dıştan sadece merdivenli iniş bölümü görülebilmektedir. Giriş bölümü kapalı olup özel izinle - 72 -
içeri girilebilmektedir.
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The Roman and Byzantine city in Girne was clustered around the eastern side of the castle and therefore the cemetery
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения areas generally lie to the west. The chamber tombs cut from rock are all that can be seen today. Their westernmost section is in the rocky area next to the Rocks Hotel. However, the most distinctive of them are immediately opposite the Icon Museum. Another tomb is located in the street which runs from the Khrysopolitissa Church to the Archangelos Micheal Icon Museum. This tomb, unlike the others, is entirely subterranean and therefore all that can be seen
from the outside is the entrance section with steps. The vestibule is closed off and may only be entered with special permission.
ROMA SÜTUNU: ROMAN COLUMN: РИМСКАЯ КОЛОННА:
of the rare remains of Roman Kyrenia.
Günümüzde Girne Kordonboyu’ndaki çocuk parkı içerisinde yer alan Granit Roma Sütunu, Girne’nin Roma dönemine ait ender kalıntılarından biridir.
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Erected near the children’s park in Kyrenia Old Harbour, the Granite Roman Column is one
MANİFOLD MALİKANESİ: MANIFOLD HOUSE: ДОМ МАНИФОЛДА: 1900’lü yılların İngiliz mimarisine ait en güzel
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Так как город Кирения был расположен с восточной стороны от крепости во времена Римской и Византийской империй, захоронения располагались с западной стороны крепости. Гробницы вырезались в скалах, и только они сохранились до настоящих дней. Сегодня каменные
гробницы можно увидеть недалеко от отеля Рокс, а также вблизи Музея икон. Также сохранился каменный склеп, расположенный на улице, ведущей от церкви Хрисопотилисса к Музею икон, который находится полностью под землей. Туристы могут видеть только ступеньки, ведущие вниз к гробнице, но для ее посещения требуется специальное разрешение.
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Установленная рядом с детским парком в Киренийской гавани, гранитная Римская колонна представляет собой редчайший образец Кирении времен Римской империи.
yapılarından birisidir. Bu malikane bir dönem İngiliz Tümgeneral Sir Courtenay Manifold’un özel malikanesiydi. İçerisindeki şöminelerde bulunan taş oyma armalar saltanatlı dönemlerin bir
göstergesidir.
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Probably one of the best example of the British architecture of 1900’s, with coats of arms above the fireplaces still preserved.This building was once the private house of major-general Sir Courtenay Manifold.
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Пожалуй, одним из лучших сохранившихся образцов архитектуры времен Британской колонизации 1900-х годов является здание, которое когда-то принадлежало генерал-майору английской армии, сэру Кортни Манифолду. Внутри дома сохранились семейные гербы генерала, расположенные над каминами. - 73 -
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения
DENİZ ŞEHİTLERİ ANITI: MARINE MARTYR’S MONUMENT: ПАМЯТНИК ПОГИБШИМ МОРЯКАМ ВОЕННО-МОРСКОГО ФЛОТА:
engraved names of marine martyrs.
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Памятник погибшим морякам военно-морского флота: Он был построен в память солдат,
1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı’nda şehit düşen denizci personelin anısına dikilmiş bir anıttır. 16 Ocak 1975 yılında yapımına başlanan anıt, 27 Haziran 1975’te tamamlanarak halkın ziyaretine açılmıştır. Anıtın üzerinde 68 deniz şehidinin isimleri de yer almaktadır.
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It was built in the memory of the soldiers who died in 1974 at the Cyprus Peace Operation. The construction started in January 16, 1975 and was completed in June 27, 1975. The monument bears a list of 68
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погибших в 1974 г. во время Миротворческой операции на Кипре. Строи тельство, начатое 16 января 1975 г., завершилось в июне 1975 г.
Girne / Kyrenia / Кирения BOĞAZ PİKNİK ALANI: BOGAZ PICNIC AREA: ПИКНИКОВАЯ ЗОНА В БОГАЗЕ : Lefkoşa – Girne anayolu üzerinde bulunan Boğaz Piknik Alanı, doğa ile iç içe bir konumdadır. Piknik alanının büyük bir bölümünde masalar ücretsiz olarak kullanılmaktadır. İçerisinde tuvaletin ve özel masaların olduğu ücretli bir bölüm de bulunmaktadır. Yılın 12 ayı boyunca hizmet veren Boğaz Piknik Alanı gece piknikleri için de uygundur.
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The picnic Area in Bogaz is located on the Nicosia - Kyrenia highway. Tables are available and they are free of charge in a large part of the picnic area. For those, who want more comfort there are paid private places that can be used even in the late
evening.
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Пикниковая зона в Богазе расположена на магистрали между Киренией и Никосией. На просторной пикниковой территории можно воспользоваться бесплатными
столиками, а для желающих большего комфорта за дополнительную оплату предоставляются специально отведенные места, которыми можно воспользоваться даже в позднее вечернее время.
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SKIN REJUVENATION WITH LASER This non-invasive method used to remove the signs of aging and rejuvenate the face, neck, chest and arms is based on the increase of the subcutaneous collagen content. After the procedure, a new collagen tissue, which contains young cells that are able to retain moisture better, is formed, giving the skin freshness and elasticity.
DIOD LAZER VE ÜTÜLEME EPILASYON
LAZER İLE DÖVME SİLME İŞLEMİ Dövme silme amacı ile kullanılan lazer ışınları deri yüzeyine zarar vermeden geçerek deri içindeki koyu renkli dövme pigmentine ulaşır. Ayrışan dövme boyası vücudun bağışıklık sistemi tarafından emilerek yok olur. Dövmenin rengi, büyüklüğü ve derinliğine göre seans sayısı değişmekte olup seans aralıkları 3-5 haftada birdir.
ЛАС УДАЛЕНИЕ ТАТУИРОВКИ Лучи лазера проходят сквозь кожу, не травмируя ее, и воздействуют только на цветной пигмент татуировки. Раздробленный таким образом пигмент поглощается защитной системой и выводится из организма естественным образом. Количество сеансов, которые проводятся с периодичностью раз в 3-5 недель, зависит от цвета и размера татуировки.
LAS TATTOO REMOVAL Laser beams pass through the skin without damaging it, affecting only the tattoo’s colour pigment. The fragmented pigment particles are absorbed by the immune system and excreted from the body in natural way. The number of sessions, which are held once every 3-5 weeks, depend on the colour and size of the tattoo.
“Yaza Tüysüz Girin”
Jel sistemli lazer tekniği ile yapılan lazer epilasyon ile lazer ısısı cilde zarar vermeden doğrudan kıl kökünü yok eden ısıya dönüşür. Yanma riski yoktur.
IRONING DIODE LASER HAIR REMOVAL “Enter Summer Hairless” During the laser hair removal, which is done with the gel system laser technology, laser heat is converted into heat that destroys the hair follicle directly without damaging the skin. There is no risk of burns.
ДИОДНАЯ ЛАЗЕРНАЯ ЭПИЛЯЦИЯ “ВСТРЕЧАЙТЕ ЛЕТО БЕЗ ЛИШНИХ ВОЛОС” Во время лазерной эпиляции, проводимой с помощью гелевой системы лазерной техники удаления волос, тепловая энергия лазера преобразуется в тепло, которое разрушает волосяной фолликул напрямую. Нету риска ожогов.
En iyi fiyat garantisi
The best price is guaranteed
Наилучшая цена гарантирована
Anadolu Hotels Girne Yukarı Girne Mah. Bülent Ecevit Cad. No:111 Kyrenia, North Cyprus T. +90 392 444 64 64 - +90 392 815 11 74 - 75 Otel: 0 548 856 90 00 - Rezervasyon: 0 548 856 90 08 E. [email protected]
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8. Ozanköy Pekmez Festivali 8th Pekmez (Carob molasses) Festival Ozankoy 8-й Пекмез фестиваль в Озанкёе 8. Ozanköy Pekmez Festivali
8th Pekmez (Carob molasses) Festival Ozankoy
Girne Belediyesi tarafından Girne’nin doğusunda bulunan eski adıyla Kazafana olarak bilinen Ozanköy’de düzenlenen August 2016 festivalde, harnup üretimi ve Location: Ozankoy Village kullanımının teşvik edilmesi Square ve harnup pekmezinin tanıtımının yapılması; ayrıca, *** eko turizm çerçevesinde köyün turistik tanıtımını yapmak amaçlanıyor. Köy meydanında standlar kurularak harnup ürünlerinin satışı ve sunumu yapılırken, halk dansları gösterileri ve ülkenin yerli августа 2016 г. sanatçılarının konserleriyle Место проведения: festival yerli ve yabancılar Сельская площадь tarafından yoğun ilgi görüyor. Озанкёй
8-й Пекмез фестиваль в Озанкёе
15. Zeytin Festivali 15th Olive Festival 15-й Оливковый фестиваль
15. Zeytin Festivali Girne Belediyesi tarafından Girne’nin güneyinde yer alan eski adıyla Templos olarak bilinen Zeytinlik köyünde düzenlenen festival ile zeytin ürününün üretim ve kullanımını teşvik etmek; ayrıca, eko turizm çerçevesinde Girne ile Zeytinlik köyünün turistik tanıtımını yapmak amaçlanıyor. Festival kapsamında Uluslararası Karikatür Yarışması da düzenleniyor. Köy meydanında standlar kurularak zeytin ürünlerinin satışı ve sunumu yapılırken, halk dansları gösterilerileri ve ülkenin yerli sanatçılarının konserleriyle festival yerli
ve yabancılar tarafından yoğun ilgi görüyor.
15th Olive Festival October, 2016 Zeytinlik Village Square
15-й Оливковый фестиваль
Октябрь 2016 г. Место проведения: Сельская площадь Зейтинлик
5. Doğanköy Alıç Festivali 5th Alich (Hawthorn) Festival Dogankoy 5-й Фестиваль боярышника
5. Alıç Festivali Girne Belediyesi tarafından Girne’nin güney doğusunda yer alan Doğanköy’de düzenlenen festival, köyün tanıtımına ve alıcın yeniden değer bulmasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla düzenleniyor. Standlar kurularak alıç ürünü ve alıç ürününden reçellerin satış ve sunumunun yapıldığı festivalde Kıbrıs’a özgü el işlerinin satışı da gerçekleşiyor. Halk dansları gösterilerileri ve ülkenin yerli sanatçılarının konserleriyle festival yerli ve yabancılar tarafından yoğun ilgi görüyor.
5th Alich (Hawthorn) Festival Dogankoy October Location: Dogankoy Village Square
5-й Фестиваль боярышника (алыч в Доанкёй ) насаждение
Место проведения: Сельская площадь Доанкёй
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Yaş sadece bir rakamdan ibarettir
nted tech nology Крем 3D – технология, запатентованная NASA
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй
ÇATALKÖY Catalkoy General Information:
Общая информация о Чаталкёе: Kısa adıyla Vrysi olarak bilinen Çatalköy, denize doğru uzanmış ve her an kayıp gidecekmiş gibi duran bir noktaya kurulmuş, Neolitik döneme ait bir yerleşkedir. Arkeologlar kazılarda ele geçen çömlek ve absidyen örneklerine bakarak burada yaşayanların Anadolu’nun Kilikya bölgesinden göç ettiklerine ve yerleşkenin M.Ö.4000-3000 yılları arasında kullanıldığı sonucuna varmışlardır. Kazılarda ele geçen taş baltalar, öğütme taşları, kemikler, buğday, arpa, mercimek ve üzüm kalıntıları yerleşkenin ekonomisinin balıkçılıktan çok tarıma dayandığını göstermiştir.
Ayrıca domuz, koyun, keçi, kedi ve köpek kemiği kalıntılarına rastlanılmıştır. Kullanılan pişmiş toprak kapların el yapımı olduğu, beyaz zemin üzerine kırmızı ve kahverengi desenlerle süslendiği göze çarpmaktadır. Girintili çıkıntılı bir kayalığın üzerine yapıldıkları için evlerin düzensiz, odaların köşelerinin de hafif yuvarlatılmış olduğu görülmektedir. Evlerin bir kısmı, özellikle başta inşa edilenlerin korunma amacıyla kısmen kayalık zemin oyularak yapıldıkları ve birbirlerine dar dehlizlerle bağlandıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Bunların arasında daracık yollar vardır. - 84 -
Duvarlar taş ve balçıktan yapılmış olup iç yüzeyleri balçıkla sıvanmıştır. Başlangıçta çok zayıf olan evlerin giderek daha sağlam yapıldığı görülmektedir. Yerleşke arkasındaki ana karadan “V”şeklindeki bir hendekle ayrılmıştı. Bir süre sonra bu hendeğin işlevini yitirdiği ve artan nüfusu barındırmak için hendeğin kara tarafına da evlerin yapıldığı göze çarpmaktadır. Arkeologlar M.Ö.3000 yıllarındaki bir depremden sonra Vrysi halkının burayı terk edip bilinmeyen başka bir yere göçtüğü sonucuna varmışlardır. Buluntulardan burada yaşayan insanların ziraat, hayvancılık, balıkçılık, avcılık ve özellikle de dokumacılıkla uğraştıkları tahmin edilmiştir. Buradaki kazılarda ele geçen buluntular, Girne Kalesi’nde sergilenmektedir.
* * *
Çatalköy (Chatalkoy), known as Vrysi in the past,
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй is spread along the seaside. This settlement belongs to the Neolithic period. People, who migrated from Anatolia region of Kilikia, lived here in 4000-3000 BC according to the samples uncovered by archaeologists during the excavations. From stone axes, grinding stones, bones, wheat, barley, lentils and grape residues, found during the excavation works, it is clear that the economy of that time was based more on agriculture than on fishing. In addition, bones of pigs, sheep, goats, dogs and cats were found. Handmade terracotta pots which were also discovered are ornamented with red and brown patterns on white background. Houses were built in irregular order, and because they were made on a rocky ground, the corners of the room are slightly rounded. Houses were connected to each other by narrow corridors. The walls were made of stones and mud. Interior surfaces were also plastered with mud. Settlement was separated from the mainland by the V-shaped ditch. Later, the additional houses were built on the side of the ditch because of the increase in population.
VUNOS MEZARLIK ALANI: VUNOS CEMETERY: ЗАХОРОНЕНИЕ ВУНОСА: Çatalköy’ün batısında, bir tepe üzerinde bulunan Vunos Mezarlık Alanı, eski Tunç döneminden kalmıştır. Mezarlarda ölülere hediye olarak sunulan çanak ve çömlekler, tunçtan silahlar ve çeşitli aletler bulunmuştur.
According to archaeologists, people abandoned this area after the earthquake in 3000 BC. They migrated to some other regions that cannot be clearly identified. The people, who lived here, were engaged in agriculture, farming, fishing, hunting and weaving. The findings belonging to those times are exhibited at the Kyrenia Castle.
* * *
Чаталкёй, известный в прошлом под коротким названием Вриси, растянулся вдоль морского побережье. Данное поселение принадлежит к эпохе неолита. Данный район был населен мигрантами, которые переселились сюда из Анатолии, из региона Киликия, проживавшими в 4 000-3 000 до нашей эры, согласно раскопкам археологов и найденным ими предметам быта. На основании найденных топоров, шлифовальных камней, заостренных костей, пшеничных, ячменных, чечевичных зерен и виноградных отжимов, можно сделать вывод о том, что экономика того времени основывалась больше на сельском хозяйстве, чем на рыболовстве. Также были Buluntuların bir kısmı Kıbrıs Rum Müzesi’nde sergilenmektedir.
* * *
Vunos is a cemetery, situated on the hill to the west of Catalkoy and belonging to the ancient Bronze period. Pieces of pottery, bronze weapons and various instruments were found in the tombs. Some of them are exhibited in the Cyprus Museum.
* * * - 85 -
найдены кости свиней, овец, коз, собак и котов. В ходе раскопок были обнаружены терракотовые горшки с красно-коричневым орнаментом на белом фоне. Дома были построены в асимметричном порядке, так как возводились они на каменистой поверхности; особенностью домов были слегка загругленные углы. Дома соединялись между собой узкими коридорами. Стены были сделаны из камней и глины, а изнутри покрыты глиняной штукатуркой. Поселение было отделено от города V-образным рвом. Впоследствии дома стали также возводиться по краям рва в силу возросшей численности населения. Согласно мнению археологов, люди покинули данный регион из-за землятресения, произошедшего около 3 000 г. до нашей эры. Население Вриси мигрировало в другие места, куда конкретно – остается неизвестным. Местное население Вриси занималось сельским хозяйством, разведением скота, рыболовством, охотой и ткачеством. Находки тех времен можно увидеть в музее Киренийской крепости.
Вунос – это захоронение на холме в западной части Чаталкёя, предположительно бронзового века. В гробницах были найдены глиняные горшки, оружие из бронзы, а также различные инструменты. Некоторые из найденных предметов выставлены в Кипрском музее.
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй
BUFFAVENTO KALESİ: BUFFAVENTO CASTLE: ЗАМОК БУФФАВЕНТО: Beşparmak Dağları’nda 950 metre yüksekteki bir tepede konuşlanmış durumda bulunan Buffavento Kalesi, Bizans döneminde Arap saldırılarına karşı adanın savunma ve uyarılması amacıyla inşaa edilmiştir. Kale, Kıbrıs’ın en sarp ve rüzgarı bol alan tepesinde kurulduğu için Buffavento yani “rüzgara kafa tutan” ismini almıştır. İnşa tarihi ile ilgili net bir bilgi olmasa da kalenin tarihte ilk kez Arslan Yürekli Richard zamanında ele geçirildiği belirtiliyor. Kıbrıs’ta bulunan diğer kalelere göre konumu dolayısıyla ulaşılması en zor kale olan Buffavento bu sebeple hapishane olarak da kullanılmıştır. Kale, aşağı ve yukarı kale olmak üzere iki ayrı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Aşağı kale, kemerli bir giriş ile erzak ve yatakhane olarak kullanılan odalara açılır. Tam altında bir su sarnıcı vardır. Yukarı kalede ise Bizans tarzı kırmızı tuğla işçiliği ile yapılmış kapı ve odalar bulunmaktadır. Kaleden Taşkent'e doğru inerken yüz metre aşağıda, yolun solunda Kayaköprü bulunmaktadır. * * *
Buffavento Castle, located in the Five Finger Mountains 950 meters above the sea level was built as a watch tower and a defense against Arab attacks. Situated on the steep and very windy hill, the castle was named Buffavento, meaning “Defier of the Winds”. Although the exact date of construction is unknown, the first time the castle was captured in the days of Richard the Lionheart. Because of its impregnable compared to other castles of the island location, Buffavento was used as a prison. The castle area consists of two separate levels. Its lower section begins with an arched gateway that leads to a group of rooms that must have served as barracks and store rooms. Under the rooms a cistern is located. The door and the rooms in the upper castle show Byzantine style red brickwork. While going down the hill towards the village of Taskent, about 100 meters from the castle on the left a stone bridge Kayakopru is found.
* * *
Замок Буфавенто, расположенный на высоте 950 метров над уровнем моря, в районе горы Бешпармак был - 86 -
построен в византийский период как неприступная крепость и наблюдательный пункт для защиты острова от нападений арабов. Своё название замок получил из-за высокогорного расположения, и в переводе с итальянского означает «защита от ветров». Хотя точная дата строительства неизвестна, впервые замок был захвачен во времена Ричарда Львиное Сердце. В силу своего неприступного в сравнении с другими замками острова месторасположения Буфавенто использовался в качестве тюрьмы. Территория замка Буфавенто состоит из двух отдельных уровней. Нижний бастион защищали ворота, пройдя под сводами которых, попадаешь в кладовую и помещение, использовавшееся как казарма. Прямо под полом казармы гарнизона находился резервуар для хранения питьевой воды. В верхней части замка находятся ворота и комнаты, построенные в византийском стиле из красного кирпича. Если спускаться из замка в направлении деревни Ташкент, в ста метрах слева от дороги можно увидеть каменный мост Каякёпрю.
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй
ÖNEMLİ BİLGİLER: IMPORTANT INFORMATION: ВАЖНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: ü İnanışa göre Kayaköprü’nün altından geçerken dilek dilerseniz, dileğiniz kabul olur. ü It is believed that if you go under the bridge Kayaköprü and make a wish, it will definitely come true. ü Существует поверие, что если пройти под мостом Kayaköprü и загадать желание, то оно обязательно сбудется.
* * *
ü Kale efsaneleriyle de ünlüdür. Dışarıdan bakıldığında sadece bir - iki kapısı görülmekte olan kalenin 100 kapısı olduğu ve 101. kapıyı bulanın kapıdan girdiği anda kaybolduğu söylenmektedir. ü The castle is famous for its legends. If you look at the castle from the outside, just a couple of doors will be visible.
But according to the legend, the castle has more than 100 doors. If you find and go through the 101st door of the castle, you will disappear. ü Замок знаменит своими легендами. Если смотреть на него снаружи, то будет видно всего лишь пару входных дверей. Но по легенде в замке имеется более 100 дверей. И если найти 101-ю дверь и пройти в неё, то можно стать невидимым.
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ü Yine bir diğer efsaneye göre cüzzamlı bir Bizans prensi bu kalede inzivaya çekilmiştir. Beraberindeki köpeği de kendisi gibi cüzzamlıdır. Köpek her gün kaleden ayrılarak güneydeki tepelerin arkasında kaybolurmuş. Köpeğin iyileştiğini gören prens bir gün köpeğini takibe almış ve onun bir su kaynağında yıkandığını görmüş. Kendisi de o suda yıkanınca sağlığına kavuşmuş ve su kaynağının yanına şimdiki St. John Chrysostomos Kilisesi’ni inşa ettirmiştir. ü According to another legend, a leper Byzantine prince was living in the castle. - 87 -
His dog was also severely ill. Every day his dog ran out of the castle and disappeared behind the southern hills. Once, the dog miraculously recovered from its severe illness. The prince was surprised and decided to follow the dog when it left the castle. There he saw his dog bathing in a spring. He followed his dog’s example and was also cured. The prince built a church of Saint John Chrysostom near this spring. ü Согласно другой легенде в замке жил прокаженный византийский принц. Его собака также была больна проказой. Ежедневно собака покидала владения замка и пропадала за южными холмами. Однажды собака удивительным образом излечилась от своей тяжелой болезни. Принц был удивлен волшебным излечением своей собаки и решил последовать за ней, когда она покидала замок для очередной прогулки. В итоге он увидел, что собака купается в источнике с водой. Он последовал её примеру и тоже излечился. Принц построил церковь Иоанна Златоуста (Хрисостома) неподалёку от этого источника.
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй
Çatalköy Dini Mekanlar Catalkoy Religious Places Паломнические места Чаталкёя:
HZ. ÖMER TÜRBESİ: HZ. OMER TOMB: ГРОБНИЦА СВ. ОМЕРА: Arşiv kaynaklarına göre M.S. 7. yüzyılda İslam akınları sırasında Muaviye Ordusu’nda bir deniz birliğinin komutanı olan Hz.Ömer, askerleri ile adanın kuzey sahiline hücum etmişti. Askerin karaya ayak bastığı yerde yapılan savaşta Komutan Ömer, altı arkadaşıyla birlikte Bizans askerleri tarafından şehit edilmiş ve naaşları tabutlara konularak buradaki bir mağaraya gömülmüştür. Ada'nın 1571 yılında Türkler tarafından fethinden sonra, bu mezarlar bulunarak, kalıntıları mağaradan çıkartılmış ve şimdi bulundukları yere gömülmüş olup, üzerlerine türbe ve mescid yapılmıştır. Bu türbede naaşı bulunan Hz. Ömer'in, Hz. Muhammed’in sahabelerinden olan Halife Hz. Ömer ile yakın veya uzak herhangi bir ilgisi yoktur. İslami
inanca göre şehit, şehit olduğu yere defnedilebilir ve şehidin yattığı yer kutsal toprak sayılır. Yine türbeyle ilgili çok sayıda efsane de bulunmaktadır.
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Hz.Omer was a commander of one of the navy units in Muawiyah army during the Islam raids in the 7th century AD, who descended on the northern coast of the island with his soldiers. As soon as they stepped on the ground, commander Omer and his 6 companions had a battle and were killed by the Byzantine soldiers. Their bodies were put in coffins and buried in a cave. After the Turks conquered the island in 1571, the graves of Omer and his friends were discovered, the remains moved out of the cave to the current location, where a tomb and a mosque were built. There is no connection or even far relationship between Commander Hz. Omer and - 88 -
Caliph Hz. Ömer, who was the companion of Hz. Muhammed. The place where the martyr Hz. Ömer was buried is the holy place according to the Islamic belief. There are also many legends about tomb.
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Св. Омер был командиром одного из подразделений во флоте Муавия во времена исламских рейдов в 7 веке н.э. Вместе со своими солдатами Омер высадился на северном побережье острова, где они сразу же вступили в сражение. Омер и 6 его товарищей были убиты группой византийских солдат. Их тела поместили в гробы и похоронили в пещере. Позднее, в 1571 году, когда остров был захвачен туркамиосманами, могилы были обнаружены. Останки Омера и его товарищей были перенесены и погребены в месте, где они находятся и ныне; здесь же были воздвигнуты мавзолей и мечеть. Не существует
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй никакой связи или даже отдаленного родства между Св. Омером и Св. Калифом Омером, который, в свою очередь, был приближенным пророка Мухаммеда. Место, где захоронен мученик Омер, считается святым согласно мусульманской религии. О гробнице св. Омера существует множество легенд.
KORSANLARIN GAZABINA SON VEREN 7 YİĞİT: 7 BRAVE WHO STOPPED THE WRATH OF PIRATES: 7 СМЕЛЬЧАКОВ, КОТОРЫЕ ОСТАНОВИЛИ ГНЕВ ПИРАТОВ: Efsaneye göre, çok eskiden korsanlar, kıyıları talan edip, kadın ve kızları kaçırırlardı. Bir gün Hacı Hasan adlı çoban oralarda sürüsünü otlatırken, kıyıya yaklaşan çıplak direkli bir gemi görür. Bunların korsan olduğunu anlar ve kayaların arkasına saklanır. Bu arada insanları korsanların elinden kurtarması için Tanrı’ya dua etmeye başlar. Tam o anda al atlara binmiş olan sakallı yedi süvari belirir. Süvariler, bir çobana bir de yaklaşan gemiye baktıktan sonra, atlarını nallarından ateş çıkartarak, deniz kıyısındaki kayalıklardan denize sürerler. Deniz üzerinde gemiye doğru yol alıp yanına vardıkları sırada, süvarilerle gemi ortadan kaybolur. Bunu gören Hacı Hasan saklandığı yerden çıkarak, kayaların yanına gider ve üzerlerindeki nal izlerini görür. Köye dönerek, bu olayı köylülere anlatır. Köylüler Hacı Hasan’a inanmayıp kıyıya gelir ve kayaların üzerindeki nal izlerini gözleriyle görünce çobanın doğru söylediğine kanaat getirirler. O günden sonra da, bu köye
bir daha korsanlar gelmeyince köylüler; yedi süvariye olan minnettarlıklarını belirtmek amacıyla aralarında topladıkları parayla nal izlerinin bulunduğu kayalık üzerine türbe ile mescidi yaparlar.
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According to a legend, pirates plundered the cities along the coast and kidnapped women and girls. One day Haci Hasan, a shepherd, pastured his flock somewhere on the coast. Suddenly he saw a ship. Understanding that there were the pirates, he decided to hide somewhere behind the rocks. At that moment, seven bearded cavalrymen appeared, riding their horses towards the sea and the ship. Then they suddenly disappeared. Haci Hasan saw the shoe marks on the rocks and went to the village and told everyone about the miracle he witnessed. But nobody in the village believed him. Finally, people from the village went to the seaside and saw the shore marks on the rocks. Since then, pirates never came to the village again. Villagers collected money and build a mosque on this rock to show their gratitude to the seven bearded cavalrymen.
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Cогласно легенде, в давние времена пираты нападали на прибрежные города, грабили их и похищали девушек и женщин. Однажды пастух Хаджи Хасан пас свое стадо недалеко от морского берега. Вдруг он увидел вдалеке корабль. Поняв, что это пираты, пастух решил спрятаться за скалой. В тот же самый момент он увидел 7 бородатых всадников, которые мчались на своих лошадях в сторону берега и приближающегося корабля. Через какое-то время всадники исчезли. Пораженный Хаджи Хасан только и увидел, что следы копыт. Тогда он помчался в деревню и рассказал об увиденном, но ему никто не поверил. Долго Хасан уговаривал деревенских жителей поверить ему. В конце концов, жители деревни пошли за Хасаном, и своими глазами увидели следы, оставленные копытами всадников. С тех пор пираты больше не появлялись в деревне, а ее жители построили мечеть на скале в знак благодарности бородатым всадникам за освобождение от пиратов.
Çatalköy / Catalkoy / Чаталкёй HZ.ÖMER TÜRBESİ’NİN YERİ VE DURUMU: PLACE AND STATE OF HZ. ÖMER’S TOMB: МЕСТОРАСПОЛОЖЕНИЕ И СОСТОЯНИЕ ГРОБНИЦЫ СВ. ОМЕРА: Türbe, Çatalköy’den bir kilometre kadar sahile doğru konumlandırılmıştır. Deniz kıyısında, kayalık bir arazi üzerine kurulan Hz. Ömer Türbesi iki katlı olup, alt katta türbenin bulunduğu mekanın güneyinde revak şeklinde bir giriş bölümü mevcuttur. Buradan türbe ve mescide inilmektedir. Girişin sağındaki yedi mezarın bulunduğu türbe kubbeyle, diğer kısımlar düz tavanla örtülüdür. İkinci katta kemerlerle bölünmüş ziyaretçilere ait odalar vardır. İç mekan ve dış duvarlar, kireçle sıvanmıştır. 1963 yılında Rumların tahribi ve 1974 yılında yıldırım çarpması sonucu hasar görmüş, 1978 yılında gerçekleştirilen bilinçsiz bir onarım sonucunda gerçek özelliğini kısmen de olsa yitirmiştir.
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The tomb is located one kilometer away from Catalkoy on a rocky coast. Hz. Omer Tomb has two levels. The entrance to the tomb is downstairs and leads to the mosque. Seven tombs are situated to the right of the entrance and are covered with a dome, while the ceiling in other parts is flat. On the second level, there are rooms for visitors. Interior and exterior walls are plastered with lime. The tomb was plundered by the Greeks in 1963, and it suffered even more damage from a lightning stroke in 1974. Some restoration that cannot be called a proper one was carried out within 1978.
Çalışmada 2005 ile 2007 yılları arasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Florida Eyaleti’nin Jacksonville şehrine göç eden Ahıska Türklerinin kimliklerini oluşturan unsurlar, göç süreci içerisinde ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı, Ahıska Türklerinin Amerika’ya göç etme nedenlerinin, yaşadıkları sorunların ve göç sürecinin Ahıska kimliği üzerindeki yansımalarının ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırmanın verileri, 2016 yılının Ocak-Mart ayları süresince Jacksonville’de yaşayan Ahıska Türklerinden elde edilmiştir. Ahıska Türklerinin sosyal gerçekliklerini onların bakış açılarından anlamak önemli olduğu için çalışmada 9 Ahıska Türkü ile derinlemesine görüşme yapılmış ve gündelik hayatlarını geçirdikleri mekânlarda katılımlı gözlem gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Ahıska Türklerinin ABD’ye göç etmeden önce maruz kaldıkları ayrımcılık, en önemli sorun olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Ahıska Türklerinin ABD’ye zorunlu olarak ve akrabalarıyla birlikte göç ettikleri ve göç ettikten sonra da Ahıska kimliğinin temel unsurlarını korudukları gözlenmiştir. Ahıska Türklerinin kimliğini belirleyen temel unsurlar ise Türklük, Türkçe ve Müslümanlık olarak saptanmıştır. In this study, elements constituting identities of Ahiska Turks who migrated to Jacksonville, Florida, between 2005 and 2007 was tackled in terms of migration process. The objective of this study is to present the reasons why the Ahiska Turks migrated to United States, the problems they faced before migration, and the effects of migration process on their identities. Data are obtained during January-March, 2016 from Ahiska Turks who live in Jacksonville, Florida. In-depth interviews with 9 Ahiska Turks and the participant observation was conducted in spaces where they spend their daily lives by forming an interaction in order to comprehend their social realities from their own point of view. The study revealed that discrimination toward Ahiska Turks before their migration to the United States was the most important problem they had. Further, It was observed that the Ahiska Turks involuntarily migrated to the United States with their families and they preserved the fundamental elements of their identities after their migration. Moreover, the basic elements determining the identity of Ahiska Turks are found to be Turkishness, Turkish, and Islam.