Nörotransmitter Madde

Nörotransmitter Maddeler Nelerdir? Kısaca Yapısı Ve Görevleri

İç klemens bouton presinaptik sinir lifi, nörotransmitter içeren çok sayıda veziküller üretilir ve saklanır. Presinaptik membran bir aksiyon potansiyeli ile depolarize edildiğinde, kalsiyum voltaj kapılı kanallar açılır (terminal düğmelerinin membranlarında bulunur). Bu, presinaptik membrandaki belirli membran proteinlerinin durumunu değiştiren ve terminal boutondan sinaptik yarığa nörotransmiterlerin ekzositozuna neden olan terminal boutona kalsiyum iyonlarının akışına yol açar.

Kısaca Yapısı ve Görevleri

Nörotransmiter, hedef hücreyi bir eyleme uyarırsa, o zaman bir uyarıcı sinapsta görev yapan uyarıcı bir nörotransmiterdir. Öte yandan, hedef hücreyi inhibe ederse, inhibe edici bir sinapsta hareket eden inhibe edici bir nörotransmiterdir. Dolayısıyla, sinapsın türü ve hedef dokunun tepkisi, nörotransmiter türüne bağlıdır. Uyarıcı nörotransmiterler, postsinaptik hücrelerin depolarizasyonuna neden olur ve bir aksiyon potansiyeli oluşturur.

Sinaptik yarığa salınan nörotransmiter, çok kısa bir süre, sadece dakikalar hatta saniyeler için hareket eder. Ya asetilkolin esteraz gibi enzimler tarafından yok edilir ya da geri alım mekanizmaları ile presinaptik nöronun terminal düğmesine yeniden emilir ve sonra geri dönüştürülür. Bu kadar hızlı, ancak kısa ömürlü uyarıcı etkiden sorumlu en iyi bilinen nörotransmiterler asetilkolin, norepinefrin ve epinefrindir.

Nörotransmiterlerin yanı sıra, nöromediyatörler adı verilen diğer sinaps ilişkili kimyasal maddeler de vardır. Nöromodülasyon, maddenin sinaps üzerinde ne kadar uzun süre hareket ettiğine bağlı olarak nörotransmisyondan farklılık gösterir. Nöromodülatörler, presinaptik nöronlar tarafından yeniden emilmez veya enzimler tarafından parçalanmaz. Bunun yerine, beyindeki diğer birkaç nöronun aktivitesini etkileyerek beyin omurilik sıvısında önemli miktarda zaman harcarlar. En iyi bilinen nöromodülatörler ayrıca dopamin, serotonin, asetilkolin, histamin ve norepinefrin gibi nörotransmiterlerdir.

___

• Alexander B (1998). The role of nitric oxide in hepatic metabolism. Nutrition, 14, 4, 376-390, USA. Anonymous(2017a).https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7VZm7TSSZ7fUFZ1NkFCaFNoZUk/edit Access Date: 20.10.2017. Anonymous(2017b).http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html Access Date: 20.10.2017. Arıcıoğlu F (2005). Nitrik Oksit ve Santral Sinir Sistemi. Türk Farmakoloji Derneği, Farmakoloji Eğitim Seminerleri Proğramı, Nitrik Oksitin Farmakolojisi, Seminer Özetleri. 19-21, Mersin. Arıncı K, Elhan A (1997). Anatomi: Dolaşım Sistemi, Periferik Sinir Sistemi, Merkezi Sinir Sistemi, Duyu Organları, 2. Vol, 2. Ed., Ankara University, Medical Faculty, Anatomy Department, Güneş Kitapevi, Ankara, 275-278. Aston-Jones G, Chen S, Zhu Y, Oshinsky ML (2001). A neural circuit for cardian regulation of arousal. Nat. Neurosci, 4, 732-738. Aston-Jones G, Rajkowski J, Kubiak P (1994). Locus coeruleus neurons in monkey are selectively activated by attended cues in a vigilance task. J. Neurosci., 14, 4467- 4480.
• Barreiro-Iglesias A, Villar-Cervinño V, Anadòn R, Rodicio MC (2009). Dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates, J Anat, 215, 601–610. Berke JD, Hyman SE (2000). Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory. Neuron, 25, 515-32. Bowery NG, Smart TG (2006). GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters: a brief history. British J Pharmacol, 147, 109-119. Bredt DS, Synder SH (1992). Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron, 8, 3–11. Breitenstein C, Flöel A, Korsukewitz C, Wailke S, Bushuven S, Knecht S (2006). A shift of paradigm: From noradrenergic to dopaminergic modulation of learning, J Neurological Sci, 248, 42-47. Burette A, Zabel U, Weinberg RJ, Schmidt HH, Valtschanoff JG (2002). Synaptic localization of nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase in the hippocampus. J Neurosci., 22 (20), 8961-70. Burnstock G (1995). Noradrenaline and ATP: co transmitter and neuromodulators. J Physiol Pharmacol, 46(4), 365-384. Chen S, Hillman DE (1993). Colocalization of neurotransmitters in the cerebellar nuclei deep, J Neurocytology, 22, 81-91. Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology, eight ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Dun NJ, Dun SL, Wu SY, Forstmann U, Schmidt HHHW, Tseng LF (1993). Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat, cat and squirrel monkey spinal cord. Neuroscience, 54, 845-857. Dursun N (2000). Veteriner Anatomi III, Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara. Eroğlu E (2012). Association between gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) type B receptors gene polymorphisms and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. MSc. Thesis, METU. Ganong W (2005). Review of Medical Physiology (22. edition). McGraw-Hill Companies, 928, Columbus, ABD. Girault JA, Greengard P (2004). The neurobiology of dopamine signaling. Arch Neurol, 61 (5), 641-644. Halbach OB, Dermietzel R (2002a). Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects: Neurotransmitters. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 40-107. Halbach OB, Dermietzel R (2002b). Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects: Methods. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 19-36. Herdegen T, Rudiger S, Mayer B, Rodrigo B, Zimmerman M (1994). Expression of nitric oxide synthase and colocalization with Jun, Fos and Krox transcription factors in the spinal cord neurons following noxious stimulation of the rat hindpaw. Mol Brain Res., 22, 245-258. Herlenius E, Lagercrantz H (2004). Development of neurotransmitter systems during critical periods. Experimental Neurology, 190, 9-21. Johnston MV, Silverstein FS (1998). Development of neurotransmitters. In:Polin RA, Fox WW(Eds.), Fetal and Neonatal Physology. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2116 – 2117. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill, United States, 1414. Klein BG (2008). Sinaptik İleti ve Nörotransmitter Döngüsü: Kimyasal Maddelerin Nörotransmitter Olarak Tanımlanması. W.O. Reece (Ed.), S. YILDIZ (Translation Ed.), Dukes’ Physiology of Domestic Animals (12. edition), Dukes Veteriner Fizyoloji (Turkish 1. edition), Cornell University Press, Medipres Matbaacılık; 767-796. König HE, Liebich HG (2007). Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Text Book and Colour Atlas (Third Edition): General Anatomy of the Nervous System (Systema Nervosum), Schattauer, Germany, 1-48. Li J, Billiar TR (1999). Nitric oxide IV. Determinants of nitric oxide protection and toxicity in liver. Am Physiol Soc, 276 (5), 1069-1073. Macnaughton WK (1998). Expression, activity and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat ileum and colon post-irradiation, Int J Radiation Biol, 74(2), 255-264. Malinski T (2007). Nitric oxide and nitro-oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alz Disease, 11(2), 207-218. Marc DT, Ailts JW, Ailts Campeau DC, Bull MJ, Olson KL (2011). Neurotransmitters excreted in the urine as biomarkers of nervous system activity: validity and clinical applicability, Neurosci Biobehavioral Rev, 35, 635-644. Mckee M, Scavone C, Nathanson JA (1994). Nitric oxide, cGMP, and hormone regulation of active sodium transport, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci., 91, 12056-12060, USA. Meller ST, Gebhart GF (1993). Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the spinal cord. Pain, 52, 127–136. Miceli MO, Post CA, Kooy D (1987). Catecholamine and serotonin colocalization in projection neurons of the area postrema, Brain Res, 412 (2), 381-385. Myhrer T (2003). Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in therat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Brain Res Rev, 41, 268-287. Ninan PT (1999). The functional anatomy, neurochemistry, and pharmacology of anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry, 60, 12-17. Patestas MA, Gartner LP (2006). A Textbook of Neuroanatomy: Nörotransmitter Substances. Blakwell Publishing, 44-53. Platt SR (2007). The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and diseasea review. Vet J, 173, 278-286. Raven PH, Johnson GB (1996). Biology, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, USA. Ressler KJ, Nemeroff CB (2000). Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems inthe pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety, 12, 2-19. Robert PH, Benoit M (2008). Neurochemistry of cognition: serotonergic and adrenergic mechanisms, in:G Goldenberg, BL Miller (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Neuropsychology and behavioral neurology, 3rd series, Vol. 88. Ruda MA, Besse D, Inagaki S, Deleon M, Ren K (1994). Nitric oxide expression and regulation in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Ann NY Acad Sci , 738 (1), 181-190. Shah AJ, Crespi F, Heidbreder C (2002). Amino acid neurotransmitters: separation approaches and diagnostic value. J Chromatography B, 781, 151 - 163. Sherwood L (2007). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (6. edition). Brooks Cole, 912, ABD. Siegel A, Sapru HN (2006). Essential Neuroscience Second Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA. Soyguder Z, Karadag H, Nazli M (2004). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in ependymal cells during early postnatal development. J Chem Neuroanatomy, 27(1), 3-6. Svensson TH, Mathe´ AA (2002). Monoaminergic transmitter systems, In: HA D’Haenen, JA Den Boer, P Willner (Eds.), Biological Psychiatry, Wiley, Chichester, 45-66. Terenghi G, Riveros-Moreno V, Hudson LD, Ibrahim NBN, Polak JM (1993). Immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase demonstrates immunoreactive neurons in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of man and rat. J Neurol Sci , 118, 34-37. Traub RJ, Solodkin A, Meller ST, Gebhart GF (1994). Spinal cord NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining but not nitric oxide synathase immunoreactivity increase following carrageenanproduced hindpaw inflammation in the rat. Brain Res, 668, 204-210. Valtschanoff JG, Weinberg RJ, Rustioni A, Schmidt HHHW (1992). Nitric oxide synthase and GABA colocalize in lamina II of rat spinal cord, Neurosci Lett, 148 (1-2), 6-10. Wu J, Lin Q, Lu Y, Willis WD, Westlund KN (1998). Changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the spinal cord of rat following induction of chronic arthritis. Exp Brain Res., 118, 457-465. Yetgin Ö (2014). Method Development and Validation to Determine Neurotransmitters By Using HPLC, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Graduate Thesis, Bolu. Yılmaz AB, Yur F (2010). Ratlarda deneysel akciğer fibrozisinde nitrik oksit oksidasyon ürünleri ve kan gazları düzeylerinin araştırılması, YYU Vet Fak Derg, 21 (3), 135 – 139. Zeyden M, Oldenziel WH, Rea K, Cremers TI, Westerink BH (2008). Microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: analysis, interpretation and comparison with microsensors. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior, 90, 135-147. Zhang X, Verge V, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Ju G, Bredt D, Synder SH, Hökfelt T (1993). Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rat and monkey and effect of peripheral axotomy. J Comp Neural, 335, 563- 575.

___