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Top tier of association football in Turkey

This article is about the league in Turkey. For the league in Northern Cyprus, see KTFF Süper Lig.

Football league

The Süper Lig (Turkish pronunciation:&#;[ˈsypæɾ liɟ], Super League), officially known as Spor Toto Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons, is a Turkish professional league for association football clubs. It is the top-flight of the Turkish football league system and is run by the Turkish Football Federation. In the –23 season, nineteen clubs compete, where a champion is decided and three clubs are promoted from, and relegated to the 1. Lig. The season runs from August to May, with each club playing 36 matches. Matches are played Friday through Monday.

The competition was initially established in The league succeeded the Turkish Football Championship and the National Division, both being former top-level national competitions. The Süper Lig is currently 20th in the UEFA coefficient ranking of leagues based on club performances in European competitions over the last five years. A total of 75 clubs have competed in the Süper Lig, but only six have won the title to date: Galatasaray (23), Fenerbahçe (19), Beşiktaş (16), Trabzonspor (7), İstanbul Başakşehir (1) and Bursaspor (1).

History[edit]

Football in Turkey stems back to the late 19th century, when Englishmen brought the game with them while living in Salonica (then part of the Ottoman Empire).^[3] The first league competition was the Istanbul Football League, which took place in the –05 season. The league went through several variations until the creation of the Millî Lig (Süper Lig) in Between the creation of the Istanbul League and Millî Lig, several other regional leagues took place: Adana (), Ankara (), Eskişehir (), İzmir (), Bursa (), and Trabzon (), to name a few. The first competition to bring forth a national champion was the former Turkish Football Championship, which began in and continued until ^[4] The championship format was based on a knockout competition, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues.^[5] The National Division (Turkish: Millî Küme) was the first national league competition in Turkey. Started in , the National Division consisted of the strongest clubs from the Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir leagues. The championship lasted until ^[6][7]

The Federation Cup was established in to decide a national champion. This champion would go on to participate in the European Cup. The competition was held for two seasons until it was replaced by the Millî Lig. Beşiktaş won both editions and qualified for the European Cup during the two-year span. However, since the TFF failed to register their name for the draw in time, Beşiktaş could not participate in the –58 season after all.^[8][9]

The top clubs of Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir competed in the Turkish National League. The first season took place in the calendar year of , instead of , since the qualifying stages took place in The 16 clubs who competed in the first season were: Adalet (Istanbul), Altay (İzmir), Ankaragücü (Ankara), Ankara Demirspor (Ankara), Beşiktaş (Istanbul), Beykoz (Istanbul), Karagümrük (Istanbul), Fenerbahçe (Istanbul), Galatasaray (Istanbul), Gençlerbirliği (Ankara), Göztepe (İzmir), Hacettepe Gençlik (Ankara), İstanbulspor, İzmirspor, Karşıyaka (İzmir), and Vefa (Istanbul). The first champions were Fenerbahçe and the first "Gol Kralı" (top scorer) was Metin Oktay. No clubs were promoted or relegated at the end of the first season.^[10]

The 2. Lig (Second League) was created at the start of the –64 season and the Millî Lig became known as the seafoodplus.info (First League). Before the foundation of a second division, the bottom three clubs competed with regional league winners in a competition called the Baraj Games. The top three teams of the group were promoted to the Süper Lig. After the foundation of a new second division in , known as the 1. Lig, the formerly titled 1. Lig was rebranded as Süper Lig.^[11] The Süper Lig is home of the Fenerbahçe–Galatasaray derby, the most watched football game in Turkey. It is considered to be one of the best and most intense in the world, being ranked among the greatest football rivalries of all-time by various international sources.^[12][13][14]

Competition format[edit]

Former design of the Süper Lig Trophy, used from until

There were 18 clubs in the Süper Lig until 20 Clubs are competing in the Süper Lig starting from During the course of the season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then head-to-head record, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the head-to-head record and then goal difference determine the winner. The three lowest placed teams are relegated to the 1. Lig and the top two teams from the 1. Lig, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to seventh placed 1. Lig clubs are promoted in their place.^[15]

Qualification for European competitions[edit]

The champions qualify for the second qualifying round of the Champions League. The runners-up, third place and the Turkish Cup winners qualify for the second qualifying round of the Europa Conference League. If the Turkish Cup winner has already qualified for European competition through their league finish, then the team that finishes fourth in the league takes their place.

UEFA ranking[edit]

Main article: UEFA coefficient

^[16]As of 7&#;June&#;^[update]

Clubs[edit]

Main article: –23 Süper Lig

^a Founding member of the Süper Lig
^b Never been relegated from the Süper Lig

Champions[edit]

Main article: List of Turkish football champions

Only six clubs have been champions since the introduction of the Super League: Galatasaray 23 times, Fenerbahçe 19 times, Beşiktaş 16 times (see note below), Trabzonspor 7 times, and Bursaspor and İstanbul Başakşehir once each.

Teams in bold compete in the Süper Lig as of the –23 season.

Club	Champ&#;ions[17]	Runners-up	Winning seasons	Runners-up seasons
Galatasaray	23	13	–62, –63, –69, –71, –72, –73, –87, –88, –93, –94, –97, –98, –99, –00, –02, –06, –08, –12, –13, –15, –18, –19, –23	–571, –581, , –61, –66, –75, –79, –86, –91, –01, –03, –14, –21
Fenerbahçe	19	24	, –61, –64, –65, –68, –70, –74, –75, –78, –83, –85, –89, –96, –01, –04, –05, –07, –11, –14	–60, –62, –67, –71, –73, –76, –77, –80, –84, –90, –92, –94, –98, –02, –06, –08, –10, –12, –13, –15, –16, –18, –22, –23
Beşiktaş	16	14	–571, –581, –60, –66, –67, –82, –86, –90, –91, –92, –95, –03, –09, –16, –17, –21	–63, –64, –65, –68, –74, –85, –87, –88, –89, –93, –97, –99, –00, –07
Trabzonspor	7	9	–76, –77, –79, –80, –81, –84, –22	–78, –82, –83, –95, –96, –04, –05, –11, –20
İstanbul Başakşehir	1	2	–20	–17, –19
Bursaspor	1	—	–10

¹Beşiktaş formally requested that championships won in the –57 and –58 editions of the Turkish Federation Cup be counted as Turkish Professional First Division championships to the Turkish Football Federation. The Cup was established in to find a national champion to represent Turkey, after UEFA decided that only national champions could participate in the European Cup.Beşiktaş had therefore earned the right to represent Turkey in the European Cup in the –58 and –59 seasons.^[19]The ruling on this matter was announced in a press release on March 25, which indicated that the championships won by Beşiktaş in the Federation Cup would be counted as national league championships.

Star rating system[edit]

The honor of Golden Stars was introduced in football to recognize sides that have won multiple championships or other honours by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys. In Turkey, clubs are permitted to place a golden star above their crest for every five national championships won. As of the season Galatasaray are permitted four golden stars, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş are permitted three golden stars, and Trabzonspor are permitted one golden star to be placed above their crest on their jerseys.

League participation[edit]

As of , 74 clubs have participated. Note: The tallies below include up to the –23 season. Teams denoted in bold are current participants.

Player records[edit]

• Bold denotes players still active in the league.
• All players are Turkish unless otherwise indicated.

[edit]

Main article: Turkish football clubs in European competitions

^{‡ Galatasaray was one of the final eight teams of the –94 UEFA Champions League group stage, however UEFA does not consider this a quarter-final participation.}

Official match ball[edit]

• – Nike T90 Omni
• – Nike T90 Tracer
• – Nike Seitiro
• – Nike Maxim
• – Nike Incyte
• – Nike Ordem 2
• – Nike Ordem 3
• – Nike Ordem 4
• – Nike Ordem 5
• – Nike Merlin
• – Adidas Uniforia
• – Adidas Conext 21 Pro
• present: Puma Orbita

See also[edit]

References and notes[edit]

External links[edit]