With the arrival of Islam, pondok and madrasah learning centres had become more organized and systematic. PDF Nicely produced volume. Beside the native people in the 19th century, the population of Palembang consists of various ethnicities which have special existence of settlement, namely China, Arab, and the ethnic of Java-Malay This chapter covers the obligatory acts of ablution, factors that annul minor ablution, bathing, water with which minor ablution is permissible, substitute ablution with clean earth, and impurities and their cleansing. Fortunately, the use of Jawi is still utilized in Ringgit Malaysia.
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