The LULC changes and dynamic shoreline changes are observed in Zones 3, 4, and 5 owing to dynamic population changes, infrastructural growth, and Gross State Domestic Product growth. Two methods are well-known and comprehensively studied for this problem: summing two random permutations and truncating partial bits of the output from a random permutation. The frequency of Jianghuai cyclone activity is high in the years with strong Meiyu rainfall. As demonstrated in Tab 3 , combining our method with existing works [ 15 , 68 ] yields further improvements. Debris flows occur infrequently, with average recurrence intervals ARIs ranging from decades to millennia.
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