by Captain Joe
Todays topic will be airplane take-off speeds, V1, VR and V2.
I am sure many of you have heard about these speeds.
I will explain in more detail what is so important about V1.
By the book V1 is defined as „The speed beyond which the take-off should no longer be aborted“.
Meaning that in case you experience any trouble with your plane before reaching V1, the classic example would be an engine failure, you would immediately abort your take-off and would apply all necessary matters to bring the aircraft to a stop.
Vr or better know as Rotate is defined as, “The speed at which the pilot begins to apply control inputs to cause the aircraft nose to pitch up, after which it will leave the ground“.
Easiest way to memorize Vr is, the point where the nose wheel leaves the ground vortexes are created at the wing tips which „rotate“ behind the aircraft.
V2 is defined as the Takeoff safety speed. The speed at which the aircraft may safely be climbed with one engine inoperative.
Editör
İngilizce fiiller düzenli ve düzensiz fiiller olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Bu ayrımın ana nedeni ise Past Tense ve Present Perfect Tense cümlelerinde fiillerde yaşanan değişimdir.
Bilindiği üzere Past Simple yani fiillerin 2. halleri geçmiş zaman Past Tense için kullanılır. Düzenli fiillerle geçmiş zaman cümleleri kullanılırken fiile kelimeye göre -d/-ed/ied takısı gelmektedir. Örnek vermek istersek;
I cleaned my home / Samantha studied her lesson / Mr. Barkley baked avery delicious cake for his guests.
Past participle yani İngilizce fiillerin 3. halleri ise Present Perfect Tense için kullanılır. Düzenli fiillerle Present Perfect cümleleri kullanılırken yardımcı fiilden sonra gelen fiile -ed/-ied/-d takısı gelmektedir. Örnek vermek istersek;
I have cleaned my home
İngilizce düzensiz fiillerde ise durum biraz farklıdır. Düzensiz fiillerin 2. halleri ve 3. halleri düzenli fiillere kıyasla Simple Past Tense ve Perfect Tense ile birlikte kullanılırken farklı çekimlenir. O halde düzensiz fiillerin 2. ve 3. hallerini Türkçe karşılıkları ile birlikte tabloda incelemeye başlayalım.
V1 Base Form | V2 Past Simple | V3 Past Participle | Türkçe Anlamı |
awake | awoke | awoken | uyandırmak |
be | was, were | been | olmak |
beat | beat | beaten | vurmak |
become | became | become | olmak |
begin | began | begun | başlamak |
bend | bent | bent | bükmek |
bet | bet | bet | bahse girmek |
bid | bid | bid | emretmek |
bite | bit | bitten | ısırmak |
blow | blew | blown | esmek |
break | broke | broken | kırmak |
bring | brought | brought | getirmek |
broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | yayımlamak |
build | built | built | inşa etmek |
burn | burned, burnt | burned, burnt | yakmak |
burst | burst | burst | patlamak |
buy | bought | bought | satın almak |
catch | caught | caught | yakalamak |
choose | chose | chosen | seçmek |
come | came | come | gelmek |
cost | cost | cost | mal olmak (masraf) |
creep | crept | crept | emeklemek |
cut | cut | cut | kesmek |
deal | dealt | dealt | anlaşmak |
dig | dug | dug | kazmak |
do | did | done | yapmak |
draw | drew | drawn | çizmek |
dream | dreamed, dreamt | dreamed, dreamt | rüya görmek |
drive | drove | driven | sürmek |
drink | drank | drunk | içmek |
eat | ate | eaten | yemek |
fall | fell | fallen | düşmek |
feed | fed | fed | beslemek |
feel | felt | felt | hissetmek |
fight | fought | fought | dövüşmek |
find | found | found | bulmak |
flee | fled | fled | firar etmek |
fly | flew | flown | uçmak |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | yasaklamak |
forget | forgot | forgotten | unutmak |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | affetmek |
freeze | froze | frozen | dondurmak |
get | got | got, gotten | almak |
give | gave | given | vermek |
go | went | gone | gitmek |
grow | grew | grown | büyümek |
hang | hung | hung | asmak |
have | had | had | sahip olmak |
hear | heard | heard | işitmek |
hide | hid | hidden | saklamak |
hit | hit | hit | vurmak |
hold | held | held | kaldırmak |
hurt | hurt | hurt | acıtmak |
keep | kept | kept | tutmak |
know | knew | known | bilmek |
lay | laid | laid | uzanmak |
lead | led | led | önderlik etmek |
learn | learned, learnt | learned, learnt | öğrenmek |
leave | left | left | terk etmek |
lend | lent | lent | ödünç vermek |
let | let | let | izin almak |
lie | lay | lain | yalan söylemek |
lose | lost | lost | kaybetmek |
make | made | made | yapmak |
mean | meant | meant | anlamına gelmek |
meet | met | met | görüşmek |
pay | paid | paid | ödemek |
put | put | put | koymak |
read | read | read | okumak |
ride | rode | ridden | sürmek |
ring | rang | rung | zil çalmak |
rise | rose | risen | yükselmek |
run | ran | run | koşmak |
say | said | said | söylemek |
see | saw | seen | görmek |
sell | sold | sold | satmak |
send | sent | sent | göndermek |
show | showed | showed, shown | göstermek |
shut | shut | shut | kapatmak |
sing | sang | sung | şarkı söylemek |
sit | sat | sat | oturmak |
sleep | slept | slept | uyumak |
speak | spoke | spoken | konuşmak |
spend | spent | spent | harcamak |
stand | stood | stood | beklemek |
swim | swam | swum | yüzmek |
take | took | taken | almak |
teach | taught | taught | öğretmek |
tear | tore | torn | yırtmak |
tell | told | told | anlatmak |
think | thought | thought | düşünmek |
throw | threw | thrown | atmak |
understand | understood | understood | anlamak |
wake | woke | woken | uyanmak |
wear | wore | worn | giymek |
win | won | won | kazanmak |
write | wrote | written | yazmak |